Sabbin Fasahohi don Ganin Motoci da Haske a Rana a Cikin Rundunar Kasa

1. Gabatarwa & Bayyani

Wannan labarin yayi magana ne akan sabbin fasahohin da aka yi niyya don haɓaka ganin motocin Brazil da haske a rana. Babban abin da ya haifar da wannan mayar da hankali shi ne sake duba Dokar Harkokin Sufuri ta Brazil (CTB) a shekarar 2016, musamman Mataki na 40, wanda ya tilasta amfani da fitilolin karamin haske a rana a kan manyan hanyoyi. Wannan sauyin doka ya nuna mahimmancin ganin motoci don amincin hanya. Yayin da ma'auni na duniya don wannan manufa shine Fitilar Aiki da Rana (DRL), na'urar sigina ta musamman, tilasta shigar da ita a cikin sabbin motoci a Brazil an kafa ta ne ta hanyar Ƙudurin CONTRAN na 667, wanda ya fara aiki daga shekarar 2021.

Wannan ya haifar da gibi tsakanin gabatarwar DRLs a matsayin zaɓi a shekarar 2007 (Ƙuduri na 227) da kuma tilastawa su a ƙarshe. Wannan labarin yana bincika ƙirƙirar fasaha da madadin hanyoyin da masana'antu suka haɓaka a wannan lokacin tsaka-tsaki don inganta ganin motocin da ba a sanye da DRLs ba a asali, duk a cikin tsarin doka wanda ya yarda da ingantattun sabbin abubuwan aiki.

2. Ganin Motoci da Haske a Rana: Tarihin Kwanan Nan

Tattaunawa kan ganin motoci da haske a rana a Brazil ta sami ci gaba sosai cikin shekaru ashirin, ta hanyar sauye-sauyen dokoki da amfani da fasaha.

2.1 Juyin Halittar Dokoki (1998-2016)

Tafiya ta fara ne da Ƙudurin CONTRAN na 18 a shekarar 1998, wanda ya nuna damuwa game da motocin da suke haɗuwa da muhalli saboda bambancin tsarin launuka. Ya inganta, ta hanyar yaƙe-yaƙe na ilimi, amfani da fitilolin karamin haske da son rai a rana don ƙara bambanci da ganewa. Duk da haka, an tilasta shi ne kawai a cikin ramuka.

Wani muhimmin mataki shi ne Ƙuduri na 227 a shekarar 2007, wanda ya haɗa DRL a cikin dokokin Brazil a hukumance, yana ayyana buƙatunsa na fasaha amma bai sanya shi tilas ba. Canjin mahimmanci ya zo tare da sake duba CTB Mataki na 40 a shekarar 2016, wanda ya tilasta amfani da karamin haske a rana a duk manyan hanyoyi da ramuka. Wannan ya haifar da ma'auni na ganin haske a rana a zahiri kafin DRLs su zama tilas a shekarar 2021 ta hanyar Ƙuduri na 667.

2.2 DRL da Fitilar Karamin Haske: Bambancin Fasaha

Wani muhimmin bayani na fasaha shine bambanci na asali tsakanin DRL da fitilar karamin haske. Wannan ba kawai ma'ana ba ne amma aiki:

Fitilar Karamin Haske: Manufarta ta farko ita ce haskaka hanyar da ke gaba don direba, yana ba da ganin gani. Rawar da take takawa wajen nuna kasancewar motar ga wasu sakamako ne na biyu.
Fitilar Aiki da Rana (DRL): Manufarta ta musamman ita ce sigina. An ƙera ta don sanya motar ta fi ganuwa ga sauran masu amfani da hanya a lokutan rana, sau da yawa ta amfani da takamaiman launuka na haske, ƙarfi, da tsarin haske waɗanda aka inganta don ganewa maimakon hasken hanya.

Duk da yake duka biyun an ɗora su daidai a gaban motar kuma suna haɓaka bambanci, ba su daidaita da fasaha ba. A zahiri, fitilolin haske suna haskakawa, kuma fitilu (kamar DRLs) suna yin sigina.

Bayanin Ginshiƙi (Yana nuni zuwa Hoto na 1 a cikin PDF): Ginshiƙin zai bambanta tsarin haske guda biyu. Tsarin "Karamin Haske" yana nuna layin yanke mara daidaituwa, tare da haske mai ƙarfi da aka tsinkaya ƙasa da dama (don zirga-zirgar hannun dama), wanda aka ƙera don haskaka hanya ba tare da haskakawa ga direbobin da ke zuwa ba. Tsarin "DRL" yana nuna rarraba haske mai daidaito, faɗi, da ƙarancin ƙarfi, wanda aka mayar da hankali kan ƙirƙirar sa hannu mai haske, mai ganuwa don siffar gaban motar ba tare da takamaiman hasken hanya ba.

3. Cikakken Fahimta & Ra'ayin Mai Bincike

Cikakken Fahimta: Tafiyar dokokin Brazil daga inganta amfani da karamin haske zuwa tilasta DRLs yana bayyana wani lamari na al'ada na jinkirin doka yana saduwa da matsaya ta fasaha mara kyau. Babban batun ba kawai game da "a ganu" ba ne, amma game da a ganu cikin inganci da aminci. Tilasta karamin haske manufa ce mai ƙarfi wacce ta magance ganuwa a farashi mai girma na ƙara yawan amfani da makamashi, babban lalacewa akan tsarin haske wanda ba a ƙera shi don amfani akai-akai ba, da kuma yuwuwar matsalolin haske—wani batu da binciken daga Hukumar Kula da Amincin Hanyoyi ta Kasa (NHTSA) ya goyi bayan kan ingancin DRL.

Tsarin Ma'ana: Ma'ana ta bi hanyar aminci na farko, fasaha na biyu. 1) Gano matsalar (motocin da ba a ganuwa). 2) Aiwatar da mafita mai samuwa nan da nan, mai yaduwa (tilasta karamin haske da ake da shi). 3) Sannu a hankali gabatar da mafita ta musamman, mai inganci (DRLs) yayin da masana'antu da sarkar kaya suka daidaita. Wannan kwarara, duk da yake yana da ma'ana don fitar da manufofi, ya haifar da lokaci mai shekaru da yawa inda rundunar ta yi aiki akan ma'auni mara kyau na fasaha.

Ƙarfi & Kurakurai: Ƙarfin hanyar Brazil shine saurin tura mafita ta ganuwa ta amfani da kayan aikin mota da ake da su, mai yiwuwa yana ba da fa'idar aminci nan da nan, ko da yake ba a ƙididdige shi a cikin PDF ba. Kuskure yana da zurfi: ya ɗauki na'urori guda biyu masu aiki daban-daban a matsayin masu musanya. Ya ba da fifiko ga sauƙin doka fiye da daidaiton injiniya. Wannan rashin daidaituwa yana tunawa da ƙalubalen hangen nesa na farko na kwamfuta inda aka yi amfani da samfura a yankunan da ba su dace ba; kamar yadda amfani da samfurin rarraba hoto kamar waɗanda aka tattauna a cikin takardar CycleGAN ba tare da daidaita yanki ba yana haifar da sakamako mara kyau, amfani da kayan aikin haske don aikin sigina yana da rashin inganci a asali.

Fahimta Mai Aiki: Ga masu tsara dokoki a duniya, darasi a bayyane yake: ayyana aikace-aikacen aminci (misali, "ganuwa da rana"), ba takamaiman aiwatarwa ba (misali, "amfani da karamin haske"), don haɓaka ƙirƙira. Ga kasuwar motoci bayan sayarwa da OEMs, tazarar 2016-2021 ta wakilci dama ta zinariya. "Madadin hanyoyin" da aka nuna a cikin PDF—mai yiwuwa sun haɗa da tsiri na hasken LED, da'irar fitilar hazo da aka gyara, ko kayan aikin DRL na kasuwa bayan sayarwa—sune martanin kasuwa ga rashin ingancin doka. Nan gaba yana cikin tsarin haske masu daidaitawa, inda tsararrun LED guda ɗaya zai iya aiki a matsayin DRL, hasken matsayi, sigina na juyawa, da kuma ɓangaren karamin haske, wanda software ke gudanarwa. Dole ne dokoki su ci gaba don ci gaba da wannan haɗin gwiwa, tsarin mota wanda aka ayyana ta software.

4. Cikakkun Bayanai na Fasaha & Tsarin Lissafi

Ana iya nazarin ingancin na'urar ganuwa da rana ta hanyar samfuran hoto da na lissafi. Wani ma'auni mai mahimmanci shine rabo na bambanci $C$ tsakanin tushen hasken motar da bayananta, mai mahimmanci don gano idon ɗan adam.

$C = \frac{L_{target} - L_{background}}{L_{background}}$

Inda $L_{target}$ shine hasken tushen haske (misali, DRL ko karamin haske) kuma $L_{background}$ shine hasken yanayin baya. Don tabbataccen gano lokacin rana, dole ne $C$ ya wuce kofa, wanda ke bambanta da yanayi. An ƙera DRLs tare da mafi girman haske na asali da takamaiman launi (sau da yawa farin sanyi kusan 6000K) don haɓaka wannan bambanci a kan yanayin baya na rana, sabanin karamin haske waɗanda aka inganta don bango mai duhu.

Bugu da ƙari, ana iya la'akari da ma'aunin ganin lissafi $\Gamma$, yana lissafin yaduwar kusurwa da sanya fitilu:

$\Gamma(\theta, \phi) = \int_{\Omega} I(\theta, \phi) \, d\Omega$

A nan, $I(\theta, \phi)$ shine rarraba ƙarfin hasken fitila a matsayin aikin kusurwar kwance ($\theta$) da tsaye ($\phi$), wanda aka haɗa a kan kusurwa mai ƙarfi $\Omega$ da ke da alaƙa da masu lura da ke zuwa. An ƙera DRLs don faɗaɗa faɗi, kwance ($\pm 20^\circ$ daga gaba axis na al'ada bisa ga ECE R87) don a ganu daga kusurwoyi daban-daban na kusanci, yayin da karamin haske yana da ƙayyadaddun tsari, mai mayar da hankali kan hanya.

5. Sakamakon Gwaji & Bayanin Ginshiƙi

Duk da yake PDF ba ya gabatar da takamaiman bayanan gwaji, binciken masana'antu da na ilimi (misali, daga Cibiyar Binciken Sufuri ta Jami'ar Michigan - UMTRI) yana ba da sakamako masu gamsarwa akan ingancin DRL.

Muhimman Binciken da aka Gano

Rage Hadarin Motoci Da Yawa: Nazarin a ƙasashe da yawa ya nuna cewa DRLs na iya rage yawan hadurran motoci da yawa da rana da kusan kashi 5-10%. Hanyar ita ce ingantaccen gano da wuri, yana ba da ƙarin lokacin amsawa.

Nisan Gano: Motocin da aka sanye da DRLs ana gano su da sauran direbobi a nisa mafi girma idan aka kwatanta da motocin da ba su da su, musamman a ƙarƙashin yanayi masu ƙalubale kamar wayewar gari, magriba, ko a kan bayanai masu rikitarwa.

Ingancin Makamashi: DRL na LED na musamman yana cinye ƙarancin wuta sosai (yawanci 10-15 Watts kowace fitila) fiye da fitilar karamin haske na halogen (kusan 55 Watts), yana haifar da tanadin man fetur da rage hayakin CO2 a tsawon rayuwar motar—wani muhimmin la'akari kamar yadda aka lura a cikin kimanta rayuwa daga Majalisar Duniya kan Tsaftataccen Sufuri (ICCT).

6. Tsarin Bincike: Nazarin Lamari

Yanayi: Kimanta sake gyara kayan aikin DRL na LED na kasuwa bayan sayarwa akan samfurin mota na 2015 wanda ba a sanye da DRLs ba a asali, a lokacin tazarar dokar 2016-2021 a Brazil.

Aiwatar da Tsarin:

Bukatar Aiki: Cimma ganuwa da rana bisa manufar CTB Mataki na 40.
Zaɓuɓɓukan Fasaha: a) Yi amfani da karamin haske da ake da shi (babban iko, tsari mara kyau). b) Shigar da kayan aikin DRL na kasuwa bayan sayarwa (an inganta shi don sigina). c) Gyara fitilun fakin (ƙarancin ƙarfi).
Matrix na Kimantawa:
- Ganuwa (C): Auna/kimanta rabon bambanci. Kayan aikin DRL mai yiwuwa sun fi kyau saboda ƙirar haske/launi.
- Amfani da Makamashi (E): Kayan aikin DRL (Ƙananan) vs. Karamin haske (Babba).
- Lalacewar Tsarin (W): Kayan aikin DRL an ƙera su don amfani akai-akai vs. tsarin fitilar da ba a ƙera shi da farko don haka ba.
- Yin Biyayya ga Dokoki (R): Duka biyun sun gamsar da buƙatun "ganuwa" na dokar 2016. Kayan aikin DRL na iya buƙatar tabbatar da yin biyayya da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun Ƙuduri na 227 don zama cikakken "halal" a matsayin ƙirƙira.
- Farashi ($$): Farashin farko na kayan aikin DRL vs. farashin maye gurbin kwan fitila da man fetur na karamin haske na dogon lokaci.
Yanke Shawara: Ƙididdiga mai ƙima na wannan matrix zai nuna a fili kayan aikin DRL na kasuwa bayan sayarwa a matsayin mafita mafi kyau ta fasaha da tattalin arziki don cimma aikin aminci, duk da mayar da hankali na doka akan hanyar karamin haske. Wannan yana nuna ƙimar tsarin doka na tushen aiki.

7. Ayyukan Gaba & Hanyoyin Ci Gaba

Makomar ganuwa da rana ba DRLs masu zaman kansu ba ne, amma haɗa su cikin tsarin Katakon Tuki Mai Daidaitawa (ADB) da Tsarin Sadarwa na Motar zuwa Komai (V2X).

Haske Mai Daidaitawa & Pixelated: Manyan fitilolin LED ko na'urar hasken laser na iya tsinkaya tsarin haske mai ƙarfi. Kayan aikin guda ɗaya wanda ke aiki a matsayin DRL zai iya daidaitawa cikin ainihin lokaci don inuwa daga motocin da ke zuwa yayin da yake haɓaka haske a wani wuri, har ma yana iya tsinkaya alamun gargaɗi ko jagororin hanya mai aminci akan hanya.
Haske Mai Ba da damar Sadarwa: DRLs ko fitilun matsayi na iya daidaitawa a babban mitar (wanda ba a gani ga ɗan adam) don watsa bayanan V2X na asali kamar nau'in mota, gudun, ko matsayin birki na gaggawa zuwa motoci da ababen more rayuwa da ke kusa, suna aiki a matsayin tashar sadarwa mai haɗawa.
Ganuwa Mai Sanin Mahalli: Ta amfani da kyamara da na'urori masu auna hasken yanayi, motar na iya daidaita ƙarfi da launin DRLs ɗinta bisa ga yanayi (hazo, ruwan sama), hasken yanayi (shigar ramuka), ko rikitarwar baya, yana inganta rabon bambanci $C$ a hankali.
Daidaituwa don Sabbin Siffofin Motoci: Dole ne dokoki su ci gaba don motocin lantarki, ƙananan sufuri (e-scooters), da motocin masu cin gashin kansu waɗanda ba su da "gaba" na al'ada, suna ayyana buƙatun ganuwa bisa ga motsin mota da haɗarin haɗari maimakon takamaiman wuraren fitila.

8. Nassoshi

Majalisar Harkokin Sufuri ta Kasa ta Brazil (CONTRAN). (1998). Ƙuduri Na. 18.
Majalisar Harkokin Sufuri ta Kasa ta Brazil (CONTRAN). (2007). Ƙuduri Na. 227.
Majalisar Harkokin Sufuri ta Kasa ta Brazil (CONTRAN). (2016). Dokar Harkokin Sufuri ta Brazil (CTB), Mataki na 40.
Majalisar Harkokin Sufuri ta Kasa ta Brazil (CONTRAN). (2017). Ƙuduri Na. 667.
Hukumar Tattalin Arziki ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Turai (UNECE). (2007). Dokar Na. 87 - Tanadin daidaitawa game da amincewa da fitilolin aiki da rana don motocin da ke da wutar lantarki.
Hukumar Kula da Amincin Hanyoyi ta Kasa (NHTSA). (2013). Rahoton Ƙarshe na Fitilolin Aiki da Rana. (DOT HS 811 756).
Sivak, M., & Schoettle, B. (2010). Fitilolin Aiki da Rana (DRLs): Bita kan Amfani da Ingancinsu. Cibiyar Binciken Sufuri ta Jami'ar Michigan (UMTRI).
Zhu, J., Park, T., Isola, P., & Efros, A. A. (2017). Fassarar Hotuna zuwa Hotuna mara Haɗin gwiwa ta amfani da Cibiyoyin Adawa masu Daidaituwa na Zagaye. A cikin Proceedings na Babban Taron Kwamfuta na IEEE (ICCV). (nuni na CycleGAN don kwatanta).
Majalisar Duniya kan Tsaftataccen Sufuri (ICCT). (2020). Kima na Rayuwa na Fasahohin Hasken Motoci.