Sabbin Fasahohi don Ganin Motoci da Rana: Nazarin DRL da Fitilun Gaban Ƙananan Haske

1. Gabatarwa

Wannan maƙala tana nazarin ci gaban ƙa'idodi da hanyoyin fasaha da aka yi niyya don inganta ganin motoci da rana a Brazil. Tattaunawar ta ta'allaka ne kan tilastawa amfani da fitilun gaban ƙananan haske a kan manyan hanyoyi da cikin ramuka, wanda aka gabatar a 2016, da kuma aiwatar da keɓantaccen Fitilun Gudanar da Rana (DRL) a hankali. Duk da yake duka biyun suna aiki don haɓaka ganin mota, sun bambanta sosai a cikin ƙira, manufa, da inganci. Wannan bincike yana bincika tsarin doka, bambance-bambancen fasaha, martanin masana'antu, da kuma yanayin fasahohin ganin rana na gaba ga rundunar ƙasa.

2. Tarihin Kwanan Nan na Ganin Motoci da Rana

Ƙoƙarin inganta ganin rana a Brazil ya kasance tsari na shekaru da yawa, wanda ke nuna mahimman matakai na doka waɗanda ke nuna ci gaban ƙa'idodin aminci da karɓar fasaha.

2.1 Bita na 2016 na Ka'idar Trafik ta Brazil (CTB)

Bita na Mataki na 40 na Ka'idar Trafik ta Brazil (CTB) a 2016 ya tilasta amfani da fitilun gaban ƙananan haske da rana a duk manyan hanyoyi da cikin ramuka. Wannan ya kasance faɗaɗa mahimmanci daga ƙa'idodin da suka gabata, waɗanda kawai ke buƙatar fitilu a cikin ramuka. Babban dalili shi ne don ƙara bambanci tsakanin motoci da muhallinsu, musamman tare da yawaitar motoci masu launuka waɗanda suke haɗuwa da muhalli.

2.2 Ƙudurin CONTRAN 227 (2007)

Wannan ƙuduri ya fara shigar da DRL cikin ƙa'idodin Brazil, yana kafa buƙatun fasaha amma bai sanya amfani da shi tilas ba. Ya wakilci daidaitawa tare da ci gaban fasaha na duniya, yana amincewa da na'urar da aka ƙera musamman don siginar rana.

2.3 Ƙudurin CONTRAN 667 (2017)

Ƙudurin 667 ya sanya shigar da DRL tilas ga sabbin motoci, tare da wajibcin da ya fara aiki a 2021. Wannan ya haifar da lokacin canji inda motocin da ba su da DRL da aka shigar da su a masana'anta suka dogara da tilastawa amfani da fitilun gaban ƙananan haske a matsayin madadin hanyar ganin.

3. Kwatancin Fasaha: DRL da Fitilun Gaban Ƙananan Haske

Fahimtar mahimmanci na wannan batu yana buƙatar rarrabe bambance-bambancen fasaha da aiki tsakanin tsarin biyu.

3.1 Babban Aiki da Ƙira

Fitilun Gaban Ƙananan Haske: Babban aikinsu shine haskaka hanya a gaba don direba, suna ba da aminci a daren ko a cikin yanayi mara haske. Tsarin haskensu an ƙera shi don guje wa makantar da abokan hanyar da ke zuwa. Duk wani tasirin siginar rana abu ne na biyu.
DRL: Aikin sa na keɓance shine nuna kasancewar motar ga sauran masu amfani da hanya. An ƙera shi don mafi girman ganin tare da ƙaramin haske, sau da yawa ana amfani da fasahar LED don babban ingancin haske da siffa daban-daban.

3.2 Amfani da Makamashi da Ingantacciyar Aiki

DRLs yawanci sun fi inganci fiye da fitilun gaban ƙananan haske. Tsarin ƙananan haske na halogen na yau da kullun na iya cinye 55W a kowane gefe (110W gabaɗaya), yayin da tsarin DRL na LED zai iya cinye kawai 10-15W gabaɗaya. Wannan yana da tasiri kai tsaye kan tattalin arzikin man fetur da fitar da CO2 a cikin motocin da ke amfani da injin ciki, da kuma kewayon baturi a cikin motocin lantarki.

3.3 Bambanci na Gani da Fahimta

Duk da yake duka biyun suna haifar da daidaito na gaba, DRLs an ƙera su don mafi kyawun bambanci a kan bambance-bambancen bangon rana. Nazari, kamar waɗanda Hukumar Kula da Amincin Hanyoyin Ƙasa (NHTSA) ta ambata, suna nuna cewa keɓantattun DRLs na iya zama mafi inganci fiye da fitilun gaban ƙananan haske a wasu kusurwoyi da kuma a cikin takamaiman yanayin yanayi saboda ƙayyadaddun hoton su.

4. Ƙoƙarin Masana'antu da Madadin Fasaha

Tsakanin Ƙudurin 227 da 667, masana'antar motoci ta haɓaka kuma ta inganta hanyoyin bayan kasuwa don samar da aikin kamar DRL ga motocin da ba a sanye da su da su ba asali. Waɗannan sun haɗa da keɓantattun igiyoyin haske na LED, maye gurbin fitilun hazo tare da yanayin DRL, da haɗaɗɗun hanyoyin da suka haɗa da tsarin lantarki na motar. Tushen doka na waɗannan shine karɓuwa, a ƙarƙashin ƙudurori, na sabbin fasahohi tare da tabbataccen aiki.

5. Cikakkun Bayanai na Fasaha da Tsarin Lissafi

Ingancin tushen haske don ganin rana ana iya ƙirƙira shi ta amfani da ma'auni na bambanci. Bambancin haske $C$ tsakanin manufa (hasken mota) da bangonsa ana bayar da shi ta hanyar: $$C = \frac{|L_t - L_b|}{L_b}$$ inda $L_t$ shine hasken manufa (misali, DRL) kuma $L_b$ shine hasken bango (misali, sama, hanya). Ƙimar $C$ mafi girma tana nuna mafi kyawun ganin. DRLs an ƙera su don haɓaka $L_t$ a cikin iyakokin haske na ƙa'ida, yayin da rarraba ƙarfin bakan su sau da yawa ana daidaita su don babban ma'auni na scotopic/photopic (S/P), yana haɓaka hasken da ake gani. Hasken $E$ a nesa $d$ daga tushen haske mai ƙarfi $I$ yana bin ƙayyadaddun dokar murabba'in juzu'i: $E \approx \frac{I}{d^2}$. Ƙa'idodin hoto na DRL suna ƙayyade mafi ƙanƙanta da mafi girman ƙimar $I$ a cikin takamaiman yankuna na kusurwa don tabbatar da ganin ba tare da wuce gona da iri ba.

6. Sakamakon Gwaji da Nazarin Ginshiƙi

Hoto na 1 a cikin PDF yana bambanta tsarin fitilar gaban ƙananan haske (mai yaduwa, mai haskaka hanya) da tsarin DRL (mai mai da hankali, mai nuna gaba don ganin). Bayanan gwaji daga ƙungiyoyi kamar Cibiyar Binciken Sufuri ta Jami'ar Michigan (UMTRI) suna goyan bayan fa'idar aminci na DRLs. Binciken nazarin bincike ya nuna raguwar hatsarori na rana da yawa yawanci daga 5% zuwa 10% ga motocin da ke da DRLs. Ginshiƙan kwatancen sau da yawa suna nuna cewa DRLs na LED suna samun mafi girman ƙarfin haske tare da ƙarancin amfani da wutar lantarki da tsawon rayuwa idan aka kwatanta da ƙananan haske na halogen da ake amfani da su don wannan manufa, suna nuna hujjar inganci.

7. Tsarin Nazari: Nazarin Shari'ar da ba ta Ka'ida ba

Shari'a: Kimanta Hanyoyin Gyara don Rundunar Kafin 2021.
Tsarin: Matrix na yanke shawara ga masu sarrafa runduna bisa mahimman sigogi.
Sigogi: 1. Yin Biyayya ga Ƙa'ida: Shin mafita ta cika ƙa'idodin fasaha na CONTRAN? 2. Kudin: Farashin saye da shigarwa na farko a kowace mota. 3. Tasirin Makamashi: Kimanin ƙaruwar amfani da man fetur ko kayan lantarki. 4. Fa'idar Aminci da ake tsammani: Bisa ƙididdigar raguwar hatsarori don haske irin na DRL. 5. Dorewa & Kulawa: Tsawon rayuwar samfur da ƙimar gazawa.
Aikace-aikace: Mai aiki yana ƙididdige kowane zaɓi na gyara (misali, igiyoyin LED na asali, haɗaɗɗun hazo/DRL, kayan aikin salon OEM masu tsada) akan waɗannan sigogi tare da mahimmanci mai nauyi. Nazarin zai iya bayyana cewa ga manyan runduna, ceton man fetur na dogon lokaci da fa'idodin inshora na ingantattun DRLs na LED na iya rama mafi girman farashin farko idan aka kwatanta da ci gaba da gudanar da ƙananan haske, yana ba da hujjar kasuwanci mai ƙima don gyara.

8. Ayyuka na Gaba da Hanyoyin Ci Gaba

Makomar ganin rana yana ta'allaka ne akan haɗin kai da hankali. DRLs suna tasowa daga fitilu masu tsayi zuwa abubuwa masu ƙarfi na sadarwar mota. Hanyoyin gaba sun haɗa da:
1. DRLs Masu Daidaitawa: Tsarin da ke daidaita ƙarfi bisa hasken muhalli (misali, mafi haske a rananan girgije, mafi duhu da magriba) ta amfani da na'urori masu auna hasken muhalli, suna inganta inganci da jin daɗin mai amfani.
2. DRLs na Sadarwa: Haɗawa da Tsarin Motar-zuwa-Kowane Abu (V2X), inda tsarin DRL zai iya nuna niyyar motar mai cin gashin kanta (misali, yin amfani, haɓakawa) ga masu tafiya a ƙasa da sauran direbobi, kamar yadda aka bincika a cibiyoyin bincike kamar Cibiyar Binciken Motoci ta Stanford.
3. Ƙungiyoyin Hasken Gaba Haɗaɗɗu: Ingantattun tsarin LED ko na Laser inda tsari guda ɗaya, mai daidaitawa na pixels ke aiki azaman DRL, fitilar matsayi, siginar juyawa, da fitilun gaban ƙananan/manyan haske, yana rage rikitarwa da ba da damar sabbin nau'ikan siginar.
4. Tsarin Sanin Halayen Mutum da Mahallin: Bincike cikin tsarin da ke gano gajiyar direba ko shagaltuwa kuma suna amfani da canje-canjen tsarin DRL a matsayin faɗakarwa ga motocin da ke kusa.

9. Nassoshi

1. Majalisar Trafik ta Ƙasa ta Brazil (CONTRAN). Ƙuduri Na 18, 1998.
2. Majalisar Trafik ta Ƙasa ta Brazil (CONTRAN). Ƙuduri Na 227, 2007.
3. Majalisar Trafik ta Ƙasa ta Brazil (CONTRAN). Ƙuduri Na 667, 2017.
4. Ka'idar Trafik ta Brazil (CTB), Mataki na 40, an bita 2016.
5. Hukumar Kula da Amincin Hanyoyin Ƙasa (NHTSA). "Fitilun Gudanar da Rana (DRL) Rahoton Ƙarshe." DOT HS 811 091, 2008.
6. Cibiyar Binciken Sufuri ta Jami'ar Michigan (UMTRI). "Ingancin Fitilun Gudanar da Rana a Amurka." UMTRI-2009-34, 2009.
7. Isola, P., Zhu, J., Zhou, T., & Efros, A. A. (2017). "Fassarar Hotuna-zuwa-Hoto tare da Cibiyoyin Adawa na Sharadi." Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR). (An ambata a matsayin misali na ƙirar ƙira masu ci gaba masu dacewa da kwaikwayon yanayin haske).
8. Ƙungiyar Injiniyoyin Motoci (SAE). SAE J2089: Fitilun Gudanar da Rana don Amfani akan Motoci.