Ƙarfafa Fitowar Haske Fari Ta Hanyar Inganta Bakin Fim Mai Yawa

1. Gabatarwa

Diodes masu fitar da haske (LEDs) sun zama babbar hanyar samar da haske a cikin aikace-aikace daban-daban, tun daga na'urorin lantarki na gida har zuwa fitilun motoci. Ɗaya daga cikin ƙalubalen da ake fuskanta a cikin fitilun da suke da inganci, kamar fitilun titi ko fitilun motoci, ba wai kawai samun haske fari da idon ɗan adam zai iya gani ba, har ma da sarrafa yadda yake bazuwa a kusurwoyi. Ƙara yawan hasken da ake fitarwa a cikin ƙunƙuntaccen mazugi na gaba (misali, ±α digiri) yana da mahimmanci ga inganci da aikin da ake buƙata. Wannan aikin yana magance wannan ƙalubalen ta hanyar amfani da wani Bakin Fim Mai Yawa (MLTF) da aka ƙera musamman wanda aka shimfiɗa a saman daidaitaccen kunshin LED fari. Babban sabon abu shine amfani da tsarin ingantawar Bayesian mai jagorar kimiyyar lissafi don ƙera wannan MLTF, wanda ke sarrafa hasken ta hanyar tacewa bisa kusurwa da tsawon zango—wani tsari da aka kwatanta da "wasa ping pong da haske"—don ƙarfafa fitowa zuwa gaba.

2. Hanyoyi & Tsarin Tsarin

2.1 Tsarin Kunshin LED & Samar da Haske Fari

Daidaitaccen kunshin LED fari tsari ne na kwance wanda ya ƙunshi: 1) ƙwayar semiconductor mai fitar da haske shuɗi, 2) tsarin canzawa na tushen phosphor wanda ya ƙunshi kayan canzawa kore da ja (tare da kashi na nauyi $w = (w_1, w_2)$), da kuma 3) MLTF na zaɓi. Hasken shuɗi daga ƙwayar yana canzawa wani ɓangare zuwa haske kore da ja ta hanyar phosphors, suna haɗuwa don samar da haske fari. Launin hasken da aka samu ana bayyana shi da matsayin launi $c_\alpha(w)$ a cikin sararin launi na CIE, yayin da ƙarfinsa a cikin shugabanci ana auna shi azaman ƙarfin haske $P_\alpha(w)$ a cikin mazugi na ±α.

2.2 Ra'ayin Bakin Fim Mai Yawa (MLTF)

MLTF tacewa ce ta tsangwama ta gani da aka shimfiɗa a saman LED. Ana inganta sigogin ƙirarta (misali, kauri na Layer da fihirisar narkewa) don fifita watsa haske a cikin mazugi na gaba da ake so da kuma maƙasudin maƙasudin launi fari, yayin da yake nuna hasken da ba shi da kyau ko kuma launi bai dace ba a cikin kunshin don yuwuwar "sake amfani da shi."

2.3 Aikin Manufa Mai Jagorar Kimiyyar Lissafi

An tsara matsalar ƙira a matsayin ingantawa mai manufa da yawa: ƙara ƙarfin gaba $P_\alpha$ yayin kiyaye maƙasudin launi $c_\alpha$ kusa da maƙasudi $C$. An sake tsara wannan zuwa aiki ɗaya, mai matsayi na manufa $F$ wanda ke ɓoye fifikon injiniyanci:

$F(\text{ƙirar MLTF}) = \begin{cases} P_\alpha & \text{idan } \Delta c < \epsilon \\ -\Delta c & \text{in ba haka ba} \end{cases}$

inda $\Delta c = ||c_\alpha - C||$ shine karkatar launi kuma $\epsilon$ shine juriya. Wannan aikin yana ba da fifiko ga daidaiton launi fiye da ƙara ƙarfin haske.

3. Tsarin Ingantawa

3.1 Ingantawar Bayesian don ƙirar MLTF

Ganin cewa kimanta ƙirar MLTF ta hanyar ƙira ta zahiri yana da tsada, kuma ta hanyar kwaikwayon binciken haske yana da hayaniya kuma yana da ƙarfin lissafi, marubutan suna amfani da Ingantawar Bayesian (BO). BO dabara ce ta ingantawa ta duniya mai inganci ga ayyuka masu tsada. Tana gina ƙirar ƙirar ƙima (misali, Tsarin Gaussian) na aikin manufa $F$ kuma tana amfani da aikin samu (kamar Tsammanin Haɓaka) don zaɓar hanyar ƙira ta gaba da za a kimanta da hankali, yana daidaita bincike da amfani.

3.2 Binciken Haske a matsayin Na'urar Kwaikwayo Mai Hayaniya

Ana kimanta aikin manufa $F$ ta hanyar kwaikwayon binciken haske na Monte Carlo. Ana samfurin haskoki daga sanannen bakan ƙwayar shuɗi kuma ana bin su ta hanyar ƙirar gani na kunshin LED (ƙwaya, phosphors, MLTF). Ana ƙirar hulɗa kamar sha, canzawa, da nunawa ta amfani da kayan gani na geometric. Kwaikwayon ba shi da tabbas (mai hayaniya) saboda samfurin bazuwar na haskoki, yana sa BO, wanda zai iya ɗaukar hayaniya, ya zama zaɓi mai dacewa.

4. Sakamako & Binciken Tsarin Aiki

4.1 Ƙarfafa Ayyukan Fitowa Mai Jagora

Ƙirar MLTF da aka inganta ta yi nasarar ƙara ƙarfin haske $P_\alpha$ da aka fitar a cikin shugabanci idan aka kwatanta da LED na tunani ba tare da MLTF ba, yayin kiyaye maƙasudin launi $c_\alpha$ a cikin juriya $\epsilon$ da aka yarda da shi na maƙasudin maƙasudin fari $C$. Wannan ya tabbatar da ingancin tsarin BO a magance matsalar ƙira ta zahiri.

4.2 Tsarin Tacewa na Gani na "Ping Pong"

Binciken MLTFs da aka inganta ya bayyana tsarin zahiri da ke bayan ribar aikin: tacewa bisa kusurwa da tsawon zango. MLTF tana aiki azaman madubi mai hankali. Haskoki masu fitowa a kusurwoyi masu kyau (ƙanana) kuma tare da tsawon zango da ke ba da gudummawa ga maƙasudin maƙasudin fari ana watsa su. Haskoki a manyan kusurwoyi ko tare da ɓangarorin bakan da ba a so ana nuna su a cikin kunshin LED. Waɗannan haskoki da aka nuna suna da damar watsewa, mai yuwuwa an canza tsawon zango ta hanyar phosphors, kuma a sake fitar da su, watakila yanzu a wani kusurwa mai kyau. Wannan tsari na maimaitawa na zaɓin watsawa da nunawa—kamar wasan ping-pong—yana ƙara yuwuwar haske a ƙarshe ya fita a cikin shugabanci tare da daidaitaccen launi.

5. Cikakkun Bayanai na Fasaha & Tsarin Lissafi

Ana samun ma'auni na asali daga ƙarfin haske na bakan da aka warware na kusurwa $I(\lambda, \theta, \phi)$:

• Ƙarfin Haske na Gaba: $P_\alpha = \int_{\lambda} \int_{0}^{2\pi} \int_{0}^{\alpha} I(\lambda, \theta, \phi) \sin\theta \, d\theta \, d\phi \, d\lambda$
• Matsayin Launi: $c_\alpha = (X, Y, Z) / (X+Y+Z)$, inda $X, Y, Z = \int_{\lambda} I_\alpha(\lambda) \bar{x}(\lambda), \bar{y}(\lambda), \bar{z}(\lambda) \, d\lambda$, kuma $\bar{x}, \bar{y}, \bar{z}$ su ne ayyukan daidaita launi na CIE. $I_\alpha(\lambda)$ shine bakan da aka haɗa a kan mazugi na gaba.

Kwaikwayon binciken haske yana ƙirar hulɗar haske da kwayoyin halitta ta hanyar Dokar Snell, daidaitattun Fresnel, da yuwuwar canza photon a cikin Layer na phosphor bisa ga bakan sha da fitarwa.

6. Tsarin Bincike: Nazarin Lamari Ba tare da Lamba ba

Yanayi: Inganta MLTF don fitilar titi LED da ke buƙatar jefa gaba mai girma (±10° mazugi) da maƙasudin launi fari mai sanyi (CCT ~5000K).

Aikace-aikacen Tsarin:

1. Ma'anar Matsala: Saita manufa $F$ tare da maƙasudin launi $C_{5000K}$ da kusurwar mazugi $\alpha=10^\circ$.
2. Ƙayyadaddun Sararin Ƙira: Ayyana masu canjin MLTF: adadin Layer (misali, 10-30), kauri na kowane Layer (50-300 nm) da kayan (zaɓi daga SiO2, TiO2, da sauransu).
3. Ƙirar Matsayi: Fara BO tare da ƴan ƙirar MLTF na bazuwar da aka kimanta ta hanyar binciken haske (misali, haskoki 100k a kowane kwaikwayo). Tsarin Gaussian yana ƙirar alaƙa tsakanin sigogin MLTF da $F$.
4. Madaidaicin Madauki na Ingantawa: Don maimaitawa 50:
   • Aikin samun BO yana ba da shawarar sabon ƙirar MLTF mafi ban sha'awa.
   • Binciken haske yana kimanta $F$ don wannan ƙira (kimantawa mai hayaniya).
   • An sabunta ƙirar matsayi tare da sabon bayanin.
5. Sakamako: Algorithm ɗin BO ya gano ƙirar MLTF wanda ke haifar da haɓaka 15-20% a cikin $P_{10^\circ}$ idan aka kwatanta da tushe, yayin kiyaye $\Delta c$ a cikin juriya 0.005 a cikin sararin launi na CIE 1931 xy.

7. Hasashen Aikace-aikace & Hanyoyin Gaba

• Fitilun Mota Na Ci Gaba: MLTFs masu jagora na musamman na iya ba da damar katakon tuƙi na gaba na zamani (ADB) tare da sarrafa matakin pixel, inganta aminci ta hanyar tsara sifofin haske daidai ba tare da haske mai tsanani ba.
• Nunin Haɓaka/Gaskiya (AR/VR): Fitowar haske mai jagora yana da mahimmanci ga masu haɗa raƙuman ruwa a cikin tabarau na AR. MLTFs na iya haɓaka haske da inganci na injunan haske na micro-LED.
• Li-Fi da Sadarwar Gani: Ƙara jagoranci yana inganta rabo na sigina zuwa hayaniya don sadarwar gani ta sararin samaniya ta amfani da LEDs fari, mai yuwuwar ƙara yawan watsa bayanai.
• Bincike na Gaba: Haɗa hanyoyin ƙira na baya (kamar ingantawar adjoint) tare da tsarin BO zai iya bincika sararin ƙirar MLTF har ma da inganci. Bincika MLTFs mai aiki ko mai daidaitawa ta amfani da kayan lantarki-gani ko zafi-gani na iya ba da damar sarrafa siffar katako da launi mai ƙarfi.

8. Nassoshi

1. Wankerl, H., da sauransu. "Wasa Ping Pong da Haske: Fitowar Haske Fari Mai Jagora." arXiv preprint arXiv:2111.15486 (2021).
2. Hukumar Kula da Haske ta Duniya (CIE). CIE 015:2018 Launi, Buga na 4. Vienna: CIE, 2018.
3. Schubert, E. F. Diodes Masu Fitar da Haske. Cambridge University Press, 2018.
4. Krames, M. R., da sauransu. "Matsayi da Gaba na Manyan Diodes Masu Fitar da Haske don Haske Mai Ƙarfi." Journal of Display Technology, 3(2), 160-175, 2007.
5. Born, M., & Wolf, E. Ka'idojin Gani. Cambridge University Press, 2019.
6. Frazier, P. I. "Koyawa akan Ingantawar Bayesian." arXiv preprint arXiv:1807.02811 (2018).
7. Molesky, S., da sauransu. "Ƙira na baya a cikin nanophotonics." Nature Photonics, 12(11), 659-670, 2018.
8. OSRAM Opto Semiconductors. "Fasahar LED da Aikace-aikace." https://www.osram.com/os/ (An ziyarta 2023).

9. Binciken Kwararru & Bita Mai Ma'ana