Binciken Lokacin Amsar Direba: Tasirin Hasken Birki da Fasaha

Teburin Abubuwan Ciki

• 1. Gabatarwa & Bayyani
• 2. Kayan Aiki da Hanyoyi
  • 2.1. Abubuwan Da Suka Haɗa da Lokacin Amsa
  • 2.2. Tsarin Gwaji
• 3. Sakamako da Bincike
  • 3.1. Muhimman Binciken
  • 3.2. Binciken Ƙididdiga
• 4. Cikakkun Bayanai na Fasaha & Tsarin Lissafi
• 5. Tsarin Bincike: Misalin Hali
• 6. Ra'ayin Mai Binciken Masana'antu
• 7. Ayyuka na Gaba & Hanyoyi
• 8. Nassoshi

1. Gabatarwa & Bayyani

Wannan takarda tana bincika wani muhimmin al'amari na tsaron mota wanda sau da yawa ake yin watsi da shi: tasirin fasahar fitilar birki akan lokacin amsar direba mai bi. Yayin da motoci ke ci gaba tare da sabbin kayan aiki da hanyoyin gini, dole ne a tantance tasirinsu akan halayen direbobin da ke kewaye da su sosai. Hasken wuta, musamman fitilun birki, wani muhimmin sashi ne na tsaro mai aiki, yana aiki da manufa biyu na baiwa direba damar gani da kuma a gan shi. Binciken ya nuna cewa nau'in tushen haske (kwan fitila na gargajiya vs. LED na zamani) da yanayin kunna fitilun gefen baya na iya canza lokacin da direba zai gane abin da ya faru na birki kuma ya fara amsarsa na birki.

2. Kayan Aiki da Hanyoyin

Hanyar binciken ta ƙunshi auna canjin lokaci tsakanin kunna fitilun birki na motar gaba da kunna fitilun birki na motar da ke biye da ita. Wannan canjin lokaci yana aiki a matsayin wakilin lokacin amsar direba mai bi.

2.1. Abubuwan Da Suka Haɗa da Lokacin Amsa

Lokacin amsar direba an raba shi zuwa abubuwan jiki da na tunani:

• Amsar Gani (Fahimta): Lokacin da ake buƙata don gane abu ko abin motsa jiki. Ya kasance daga 0 zuwa 0.7 seconds, ya dogara sosai akan karkatar kusurwa daga layin gani na direba.
• Amsar Hankali (Gane & Kimantawa): Lokacin da ake buƙata don gane da kimanta abin motsa jiki. Wannan yana canzawa kuma yana tasiri ta hanyar rikitarwar yanayi, gajiya, da amfani da abubuwa.
• Amsar Tsoka (Aiki): Lokacin da ake buƙata don motsa ƙafa daga matsi zuwa pedal na birki.

Jimillar lokacin amsa $RT_{total}$ ana iya ƙirƙira shi kamar haka: $RT_{total} = T_{optical} + T_{mental} + T_{muscular}$.

2.2. Tsarin Gwaji

An gudanar da aunin gwaji tare da mahalarta biyar. Motar gaba tana da saitin fitilun birki guda biyu:

1. Yanayi A: Kwan fitila na gargajiya.
2. Yanayi B: Tushen hasken LED na zamani.

Gwajin ya kuma gwada tasirin fitilun gefen baya masu aiki da marasa aiki (fitilun fakin) akan amsar direba mai bi ga fitilun birki na farko.

3. Sakamako da Bincike

3.1. Muhimman Binciken

Rikodin sun tabbatar da hasashen cewa lokacin amsar direba yana tasiri ta hanyar abubuwa da yawa, tare da tushen haske da ƙarfin fitilun birki suna taka muhimmiyar rawa.

• Tasirin Tushen Hasken: Fitilun birki na LED, tare da halayensu na saurin farawa (kusan nan take) da mafi girman ƙarfin haske, gabaɗaya suna haifar da gajeriyar lokacin amsa idan aka kwatanta da kwan fitila na gargajiya, waɗanda ke da ɗan jinkirin dumama.
• Katsalandan na Fitilar Geje: Wani muhimmin binciken shine cewa kunna fitilun gefen baya (fitilun fakin) ya ƙara lokacin amsar direba mai bi. Ana danganta wannan ga rikicewar gani ko raguwar bambanci, yana sa siginar fitilar birki mai haske ta zama ƙasa da bambanci a kan wani bangon da aka riga aka haskaka.
• Bambancin Mutum: Kamar yadda ake tsammani, an lura da babban bambancin mutum, yana mai da hankali kan tasirin abubuwan jiki da na tunani.

3.2. Binciken Ƙididdiga & Bayanin Ginshiƙi

Duk da yake ba a ba da cikakken bayanan a cikin ɓangaren da aka zayyana ba, binciken mai yiwuwa ya ƙunshi lissafin matsakaicin lokutan amsa da madaidaicin bambance-bambance ga kowane yanayi (LED/Kwan fitila x Fitilar Geje Kunna/Kashe). Taswirar sakamako mai hasashe zata nuna:

• Ginshiƙi na 1: Kwatanta matsakaicin lokacin amsa don fitilun birki na LED da na Kwan fitila. Ginshiƙin LED zai zama gajere, yana nuna saurin amsa.
• Ginshiƙi na 2: Nuna matsakaicin lokacin amsa tare da Fitilar Geje KASHE da KUNA. Ginshiƙin "Fitilar Geje KUNA" zai zama dogo, yana nuna jinkirin amsa.
• Zanen Haɗin Kai: Taswirar layi da ke nuna yanayin haɗin kai guda huɗu. Layin "Fitilar Geje KUNA" zai fi "Fitilar Geje KASHE" girma ga duka LED da Kwan fitila, yana nuna tasirin mara kyau na kunna fitilar gefe.

Muhimmin ma'auni shine canjin lokaci $\Delta t$, wanda aka auna a cikin milliseconds (ms). Ragewa mai mahimmanci a cikin $\Delta t$ tare da fitilun LED na iya fassara zuwa rage nisan tsayawa da ba ƙaramin ba a saurin babbar hanya.

4. Cikakkun Bayanai na Fasaha & Tsarin Lissafi

Aunin tushe shine jinkirin lokaci $\Delta t$. Idan $t_1$ shine alamar lokacin kunna fitilar birki na motar gaba kuma $t_2$ shine alamar lokacin danna pedal na birki na motar mai bi (ko kunna fitilun birkinta), to: $$\Delta t = t_2 - t_1$$ Wannan $\Delta t$ ya ƙunshi jimillar lokacin amsa $RT_{total}$. Gudunmawar binciken shine a cikin binciken yadda $\Delta t$ ke bambanta a matsayin aiki na: $$\Delta t = f(L, S, I)$$ inda:

• $L$: Nau'in tushen haske (misali, 0 don Kwan fitila, 1 don LED).
• $S$: Yanayin fitilar gefe (0 don KASHE, 1 don KUNA).
• $I$: Abun direba na mutum (mai canzawa bazuwar).

Binciken cewa $\frac{\partial \Delta t}{\partial S} > 0$ (lokacin amsa yana ƙaruwa tare da fitilar gefe kunna) wani muhimmin fahimta ne, mai sauki ga tunani don zanen mota.

5. Tsarin Bincike: Misalin Hali

Yanayi: Kimanta sabon ƙirar mota na tarin hasken baya don takaddun tsaro.

1. Ayyana Ma'auni: Ma'auni na Farko na Ayyukan Aiki (KPI) = Matsakaicin $\Delta t$ a ƙarƙashin yanayin gwaji da aka daidaita.
2. Kafa Tushe: Auna $\Delta t$ ta amfani da tsarin kwan fitila na daidaitacce tare da kashe fitilar gefe.
3. Gwada Mai Canzawa A (Fasaha): Maye gurbin kwan fitila tare da raka'o'in LED da aka tsara. Sake auna $\Delta t$. Lissafin ingantawa $\delta_A$.
4. Gwada Mai Canzawa B (Haɗin Kai): Kunna fitilar gudu ta rana (DRL) ko fasalin fitilar gefen baya na dindindin. Sake auna $\Delta t$ tare da duka kwan fitila da LED. Lissafin lalacewa $\delta_B$.
5. Binciken Farashi-Amana: Auna amanar tsaro ($\delta_A$) da kowane lahani mai yuwuwa ($\delta_B$) da farashin aiwatarwa. Shin amfanin LED ya fi yuwuwar farashin ƙara lokacin amsa lokacin da DRLs suke kunna? Shin ya kamata a ƙara ƙarfin fitilar birki a hankali lokacin da fitilar gefe suke aiki don ramawa?

Wannan tsarin yana motsawa fiye da gwajin ɓangare mai sauƙi zuwa kimantawar tsaro na matakin tsarin.

6. Ra'ayin Mai Binciken Masana'antu

Fahimtar Tushe: Wannan binciken ya fallasa wani babban tashin hankali a cikin zanen mota: neman ƙayatarwa da haɗin kai na aiki (misali, hadaddun fitilun wutsiya 3D, hasken wuta koyaushe don kamannin "sa hannu") na iya lalata siginar tsaro na farko ba da gangan ba. Binciken cewa kunna fitilun gefe ya ƙara lokacin amsar birki wani ƙararrawa ne shiru ga masana'antu, yana nuna cewa kyawawan wutsiyoyin baya na zamani, masu haske koyaushe, suna iya sa mu zama ƙasa da tsaro. Kwararar Hankali: Hankalin binciken yana da inganci kuma mai sauƙi da kyau. Ta hanyar ware masu canzawa (tushen haske, yanayin fitilar gefe) da amfani da canjin lokaci a matsayin wakili kai tsaye, mai aunawa don lokacin amsa, yana yanke ta cikin kimantawa na "haske." Yana haɗa ilimin kimiyyar lissafi na fitar da haske (lokacin tashi na LED vs. jujjuyawar zafi na kwan fitila) kai tsaye ga ilimin halittar ɗan adam (amsar gani da ta hankali). Binciken fitilar gefe yana biye da hankali daga ƙa'idodin fahimtar gani da rabo na siginar zuwa amo, kama da bincike kan rikicewar gani a cikin nunin jirgin sama. Ƙarfi & Kurakurai: Ƙarfinsa yana cikin tsarinsa mai mai da hankali, na zahiri da gano tasirin hulɗar da ba a bayyana ba. Babban kuskure shine ƙaramin girman samfurin (n=5), wanda ke sa sakamakon ya zama mai ba da shawara maimakon ƙarshe. Ba shi da ƙarfin ƙididdiga na manyan binciken abubuwan ɗan adam, kamar waɗanda aka ambata daga cikin bayanan Hukumar Kula da Tsaron Babbar Hanya ta Ƙasa (NHTSA). Bugu da ƙari, bai magance rikitattun yanayin duniya na gaske ba kamar yanayin hasken muhalli (rana da dare, hazo) ko fitilun birki masu daidaitawa waɗanda ke walƙiya a ƙarƙashin birki na gaggawa—wata fasaha da aka nuna a cikin binciken Cibiyar Binciken Sufuri ta Jami'ar Michigan (UMTRI) don rage haɗuwar baya. Fahimta Mai Aiki: 1. Masu tsari ya kamata su lura: Ma'auni na tsaro (kamar FMVSS 108 a Amurka) suna mai da hankali kan mafi ƙarancin ƙimar hoto amma suna iya buƙatar yin la'akari da rabon bambanci da halayen lokaci a cikin yanayin hasken wuta na haɗin kai. 2. OEMs dole ne su ba da fifiko ga bayyananniyar siginar fiye da daidaiton zane: Siginar fitilar birki dole ne ta kasance mafi girma sama da duk sauran hasken baya. Wannan na iya buƙatar tsarin hasken wuta mai hankali waɗanda ke daidaita ƙarfin fitilar birki ko tsari bisa yanayin kunna sauran fitilu. 3. Ƙarin bincike ba shi da sasantawa: Ana buƙatar babban bincike, mai sarrafawa wanda ke maimaita waɗannan binciken. Al'ummar bincike ya kamata su ci gaba da wannan, watakila ta amfani da na'urori na kwaikwayon tuƙi tare da bin diddigin ido don fahimtar tsarin binciken gani wanda ke haifar da jinkirin da aka lura.

7. Ayyuka na Gaba & Hanyoyi

• Hasken Wuta Mai Daidaitawa & Sanin Yanayi: Fitilun birki na gaba za su iya amfani da na'urori masu auna firikwensin (misali, hasken muhalli, firikwensin nisa mai bi) don ƙara ƙarfi ko canza tsarin bugun jini lokacin da fitilun gefe suke kunna ko a cikin yanayi mara bambanci (hazo, ruwan sama mai ƙarfi).
• Daidaituwar Alamun Lokaci: Bayan ƙarfi, lokacin tashi da yuwuwar daidaitattun tsarin walƙiya na gaggawa (kamar yadda aka bincika don sadarwar Car-to-X) ana iya tsara su don inganta ganewar direba.
• Haɗin Kai tare da ADAS: Sarrafa fitilar birki za a iya haɗa shi da Tsarin Taimakon Direba na Ci-gaba (ADAS) na mota. A cikin yanayin karo kafin gaggawa da radar ya gano, fitilun birki na iya haskakawa a matsakaicin ƙarfi ko a cikin wani tsari na musamman kafin direba ya danna pedal, yana ba da gargadi na farko ga motocin da ke biye da su.
• Bayanan Hasken Wuta Na Mutum: Bincike zai iya bincika idan lokutan amsa sun bambanta da shekaru. Tsarin hasken wuta zai iya daidaitawa ga direban da aka gano (ta hanyar ƙwaƙwalwar kujera) ko kuma ya zama tsoho zuwa mafi girman bambanci "yanayin manya."
• Gwaji na Kama-da-wane ta hanyar Kwaikwayo: Ta amfani da samfuran halayen ɗan adam a cikin kayan aiki kamar CarMaker ko Prescan, OEMs na iya kwaikwayi miliyoyin yanayin tuƙi don inganta zanen hasken baya don lokacin amsa kafin a gina samfuran jiki.

8. Nassoshi

1. Jilek, P., Vrábel, L. (2020). Canjin lokacin amsar direba dangane da tushen haske da fasahar fitilar birki da aka yi amfani da su. Mujallar Kimiyya ta Jami'ar Fasaha ta Silesian. Jerin Sufuri, 109, 45-53.
2. Hukumar Kula da Tsaron Babbar Hanya ta Ƙasa (NHTSA). (2019). Tasirin Hasken Mota akan Haɗarin Haɗuwar Baya. (Rahoto Na. DOT HS 812 745). Washington, DC.
3. Sivak, M., & Schoettle, B. (2018). Hasken wuta da siginar: Bita na fasahohin yanzu da na gaba. Cibiyar Binciken Sufuri ta Jami'ar Michigan (UMTRI).
4. Green, M. (2000). "Yaushe Ake Buƙatar Tsayawa?" Binciken Hanyoyin Lokacin Fahimta-Birki na Direba. Abubuwan ɗan Adam na Sufuri, 2(3), 195–216.
5. Ising, K. W., et al. (2012). Tasirin fitilun birki na LED akan lokacin amsar direba a cikin aikin biye da kwaikwayo. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, 56(1), 1911-1915.
6. Shirin Kimantawar Sabuwar Mota na Turai (Euro NCAP). (2022). Yarjejeniyar Gwaji – Taimakon Tsaro. Ya haɗa da kimanta guje wa karon mota-da-mota.