1. Gabatarwa & Bayanan Baya

Babura suna wakiltar babban yanki na motocin duniya, musamman a ƙasashe masu tasowa, suna ba da hanyar sufuri mai araha da sassauci. Duk da haka, wannan yana zuwa da tsadar aminci mai yawa. Masu amfani da babura suna da matukar yawa a cikin kididdigar raunuka da mace-mace a hanya. Wannan nazarin, na Davoodi da Hossayni (2015), ya tattara binciken da ya wanzu kan wani muhimmin mataki na rigakafi: amfani da Fitilun Babur na Rana (DRLs) don inganta bayyanar babur da hana karo.

Babban hasashe shine cewa babban abin da ke haifar da hadurrar babur da motoci da yawa, musamman waɗanda suka haɗa da keta haƙƙin wucewa, shine rashin sauran direbobi gano babur a kan lokaci. DRLs suna nufin magance wannan "rashin bayyana" ta hanyar ƙara bambancin gani na babur da bangonsa a lokutan rana.

2. Hanyar Nazarin Adabi

Wannan takarda nazari ne na labari wanda ke haɗa sakamakon binciken da ya gabata game da aiwatar da DRLs na babur. Marubutan sun mayar da hankali kan kimanta tasirin DRLs wajen inganta bayyana da kuma tasirinsu na gaba akan yawan hadurrar motoci da yawa. Nazarin ya rarrabe tasirin DRLs kuma ya zana sakamako daga gungun adabin da galibi ke goyon bayan amfani da su.

3. Matsalar Bayyanar Babur

Ƙaramin bayyanar gaba, fitilar guda ɗaya, da rashin tsarin kewaye sun sa babura a zahiri su zama ƙasa da ganuwa fiye da motoci. Wannan sashe ya ba da cikakken bayani game da girman matsalar.

3.1. Kididdigar Hadurra & Rashin Kariya

Nazarin ya kawo kididdiga masu ban tsoro don jaddada rashin kariya na masu amfani da babura:

Muhimman Kididdiga

  • Yawan Mace-mace: Yawan mutuwar mai amfani da babur a kowace mil da aka yi tafiya ya fi na fasinjojin mota sau 10 mafi girma.
  • Bayanan Amurka (NHTSA): Babura sun kasance kashi 3% na motocin da aka yi rajista amma sun kasance cikin kashi 13% na jimillar mace-macen zirga-zirga.
  • Bayanan Burtaniya: Masu amfani da babura sun kasance kashi 1% na masu amfani da hanya amma sun kasance kashi 15% na waɗanda aka kashe ko suka ji rauni sosai.
  • Ƙasashe Masu Tasowa: Fiye da kashi 50% na mace-macen hanya a wasu ƙasashen ASEAN (misali, Malaysia) suna tsakanin masu amfani da babura.
  • Hadurrar Rana: Fiye da kashi 50% na mace-macen hadurrar babur da mota biyu suna faruwa a lokacin rana.

3.2. Hali na "Na Duba Amma Ban Gani Ba"

Wani abu na gama gari a cikin rahotannin hadurra shine da'awar sauran direban, "Ban ga babur ba." Ana yawan danganta wannan ga makantar hankali ko makantar canji a cikin yanayin zirga-zirga mai sarƙaƙiya. Ƙarancin bayyanar babur ya kasa ɗaukar hankalin direban a cikin muhimmin taga yanke shawara, wanda ke haifar da motsi kamar juyawa a kan hanyar babur.

4. Tasirin Fitilun Babur na Rana (DRLs)

Wannan sashe yana nazarin yadda DRLs ke aiki da kuma abin da shaida ke faɗa game da tasirinsu.

4.1. Hanyoyin Aiki

DRLs suna inganta bayyana ta hanyoyin gani da yawa:

  • Bambancin Hasken Wuta: Tushen hasken yana ƙara bambancin haske tsakanin babur da muhallin da ke kewaye.
  • Fahimtar Motsi: Hasken da ke motsawa yana da sauƙin gano shi ta hanyar hangen gefe fiye da siffa mai duhu, mai motsi.
  • Gano Da wuri: Yana ƙara nisa da lokacin da aka fara lura da babur, yana ba da ƙarin lokacin amsawa.

4.2. Tasiri na Ƙididdiga akan Haɗarin Hadurra

Babban binciken nazarin shine raguwa mai mahimmanci a cikin haɗarin hadurra da ke da alaƙa da amfani da DRL. Bayanan da aka haɗa daga bincike daban-daban sun nuna cewa sarrafa fitilu a lokacin rana:

  • "Hanya ce mai tasiri da tasiri" don rage yawan karo.
  • Ya sami nasarar rage haɗarin hadurrar babur da kusan 4% zuwa 20%.

Wannan kewayon yana iya nuna bambance-bambance a hanyoyin bincike, matakan haɗarin asali, yanayin zirga-zirga, da aiwatar da DRL (na son rai vs. tilas).

5. Ra'ayoyi na Duniya & Tasirin Manufofi

Dangane da shaida, marubutan sun ba da shawarar manufofi bayyananne: dole a yi amfani da DRLs na babur a duk duniya, tare da gaggawa musamman a ƙasashe da ke fuskantar yawan hadurrar babur. Wannan ya yi daidai da manufofi a ƙasashe da yawa inda DRLs ke tilas ga sababbin babura kuma galibi ana ƙarfafa ko buƙatar su ga kowa.

6. Bincike Mai Zurfi & Sharhin Kwararru

Fahimta ta Asali

Nazarin Davoodi da Hossayni ba game da fitilu kawai ba ne; yana wani babban tuhuma na gazawar tsarin tsaro a hanya wanda ke hukunta masu amfani masu rauni da yawa. Adadin raguwar hadurra na 4-20% ba riba ce kaɗan ba—yana da ƙaramin farashi, tasiri mai girma wanda ke kaiwa hari kai tsaye ga tushen mafi yawan mace-macen babur da motoci da yawa: rashin ganuwa. Takardar ta yi daidai ta tsara DRLs ba a matsayin alatu ba amma a matsayin wani abu na asali don daidaiton tsaron hanya, kamar yadda aikin Isola et al. akan pix2pix ya tsara fassarar hoto zuwa hoto a matsayin matsala ta tsinkaya mai tsari, yana ba da tsari bayyananne ga matsala mai sarƙaƙiya.

Matsala ta Hankali

Hujja tana da ban sha'awa a cikin sauƙinta: 1) Masu amfani da babura suna mutuwa da yawa mai ban tsoro, 2) Babban dalili shine ba a gan su ba, 3) Bayanai sun nuna yin su masu haske (ta hanyar DRLs) yana sa a gan su sau da yawa, 4) Don haka, ya kamata mu sa su masu haske a ko'ina. Wannan sarkar dalili-da-sakamako tana da ƙarfi kuma tana samun goyon baya daga kididdigar da aka ambata daga hukumomi kamar NHTSA da hukumomin sufuri na Burtaniya. Duk da haka, matsala ta yi kuskure ta hanyar rashin shiga cikin hujjoji ko iyakoki, kamar yuwuwar batun haske mai ƙyalli ko haɗarin "raunin tasiri" idan duk motoci sun yi amfani da DRLs.

Ƙarfi & Kurakurai

Ƙarfi: Ƙarfin takardar yana cikin tarawar shaida na duniya, ƙirƙirar shari'a ɗaya don aiki. Bayyana mummunan yanayi a ƙasashe masu tasowa, inda amfani da babura ya zama ruwan dare, yana ƙara mahimmancin mahallin da galibi ba ya ɓacewa daga binciken da ke da alaƙa da Yammacin Turai. Shawarar ba ta da shakka kuma ana iya aiwatar da ita.

Kurakurai: A matsayin nazarin labari, ba shi da ƙarfin hanyar bincike na nazari na tsari ko nazari-meta. Kewayon 4-20% yana da faɗi kuma an gabatar da shi ba tare da tazara na amincewa ko tattaunawa game da bambancin tsakanin binciken tushe ba. Galibi ya yi watsi da rawar halayen mahayin (misali, gudu, matsayi na layi) da ƙirar mota fiye da haske. Haka nan akwai damar da aka rasa don tattauna juyin halittar fasahar DRL (misali, LED vs. halogen, haske mai daidaitawa).

Fahimta Mai Aiki

Ga masu tsara manufofi, umarni bayyananne ne: kafa da aiwatar da dokokin DRL na tilas ga babura. Ga masana'antu, fahimtar ita ce a ɗauki DRLs a matsayin fasalin tsaro da ba za a iya sasantawa ba, ba kayan haɗi ba, kuma a ƙirƙira tare da fitilu masu haske, mafi inganci, da na wayo. Ga mahaya, abin da za a ɗauka ba shi da shakka: ku yi tafiya da fitilunku, koyaushe. Mataki na gaba, wanda takardar ta nuna amma bata bincika ba, shine haɗa DRLs cikin mafi faɗin tsarin "Tsarin Aminci" wanda ya haɗa da abubuwan more rayuwa (ƙirar hanya mafi aminci), fasahar mota (birki na gaggawa ta atomatik wanda ke gano babura), da ilimin direba don yaƙi da makantar hankali.

7. Tsarin Fasaha & Hanyoyin Gaba

7.1. Cikakkun Bayanan Fasaha & Ƙirar Bayyana

Ana iya ƙirar tasirin DRL ta hanyar gudummawar da yake bayarwa ga bambancin gani na manufa. Ƙirar sauƙaƙa don bakin gano ta ƙunshi aikin ƙwaƙƙwaran bambanci (CSF) na tsarin gani na ɗan adam. Ana iya danganta ganowa da bambanci tsakanin babur (tare da hasken DRL $L_{m}$) da bangonsa ($L_{b}$):

$C = \frac{|L_{m} - L_{b}|}{L_{b}}$

Inda $C$ shine bambancin Weber. DRL yana ƙara $L_{m}$ sosai, don haka yana ƙara $C$ da rage lokacin gano $t_d$, wanda yake da mahimmanci don guje wa karo idan aka yi la'akari da lokacin fahimtar direba-lokacin amsawa da nisan birki. Yuwuwar gano a kan lokaci $P_{detect}$ ana iya fassara shi azaman aiki na bambanci da lokaci:

$P_{detect}(t) \propto f(C, t, \text{ɓarna na gani})$

DRLs suna canza wannan aikin zuwa sama, suna ƙara $P_{detect}$ ga kowane lokaci $t$ kafin yuwuwar rikici.

7.2. Tsarin Bincike: Nazarin Hali na Hasashe

Yi la'akari da kimanta tasirin dokar DRL na tilas a "Ƙasa X."

Tsari:

  1. Binciken Tushe: Tattara bayanan shekaru 3-5 na kafin dokar kan hadurrar babur da motoci da yawa a rana.
  2. Shiga Tsakani: Aiwatar da amfani da DRL na tilas ga duk babura.
  3. Binciken Bayan Shiga Tsakani: Tattara bayanan shekaru 3-5 na bayan dokar hadurra.
  4. Ƙungiyar Kulawa: Yi amfani da hadurrar babur guda ɗaya (inda bayyana ga wasu ba su da mahimmanci) ko hadurrar rana da suka haɗa da wasu nau'ikan mota a matsayin kulawa don lissafin yanayin tsaron zirga-zirga gabaɗaya.
  5. Ƙira: Aiwatar da nazarin Jerin Lokaci da aka Katse (ITS) ko ƙirar bambanci-a cikin-bambanci don ware tasirin dokar DRL.
    Ƙirar Sauƙaƙa: $Y_{t} = \beta_0 + \beta_1 \cdot \text{Lokaci}_t + \beta_2 \cdot \text{Doka}_t + \beta_3 \cdot \text{LokaciBayanDoka}_t + \epsilon_t$
    Inda $Y_t$ shine yawan hadurra a lokacin $t$, $\text{Doka}_t$ shine maɓalli mai banza don lokacin bayan dokar, kuma $\beta_2$ yana kimanta tasirin nan take na dokar.

7.3. Aikace-aikacen Gaba & Hanyoyi

Makomar bayyanar babur ya wuce sauƙaƙan fitilu masu kunna koyaushe:

  • DRLs Masu Daidaitawa: Tsarin da ke daidaita ƙarfi dangane da hasken muhalli, yanayi (hazo, ruwan sama), da gudu.
  • Sadarwar Mota-zuwa-Kowane Abu (V2X): Babura suna watsa matsayinsu zuwa motoci da ke kusa, suna ba da Layer na "bayyana" na dijital wanda ya bambanta da yanayin gani.
  • Haɓaka Gaskiya (AR) ga Direbobi: Gilashin iska na AR waɗanda ke haskaka masu amfani da hanya masu rauni, ciki har da babura, a cikin filin gani na direban.
  • Tsarin Tsaro Haɗe-haɗe: Haɗa DRLs zuwa na'urori masu auna motsi domin a lokacin birki na gaggawa ko karkata mai tsanani, fitilu na iya walƙiya ko canza tsari don nuna alamar damuwa.
  • Kimiyyar Kayan: Haɓaka manyan kayan aiki masu haske da haske mai haske don kayan mahayi da saman mota waɗanda ke aiki tare da DRLs.

Manufar ita ce hanyar da ta ƙunshi Layer da yawa inda haske mara aiki (DRLs) shine Layer na tushe, wanda aka ƙarfafa ta hanyar tsarin lantarki da sadarwa don ƙirƙirar ambulaf ɗin tsaro mai ƙarfi.

8. Nassoshi

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  3. Rolison, J. J., Regev, S., Moutari, S., & Feeney, A. (2018). What are the factors that contribute to road accidents? An assessment of law enforcement views, ordinary drivers' opinions, and road accident records. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 115, 11-24.
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  5. Isola, P., Zhu, J. Y., Zhou, T., & Efros, A. A. (2017). Image-to-image translation with conditional adversarial networks. Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition (pp. 1125-1134).
  6. European Commission. (2021). Vehicle Safety: Lighting and Light-signalling. Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/transport/road_safety/vehicles/lighting_en
  7. Hole, G. J., Tyrrell, L., & Langham, M. (1996). Some factors affecting motorcyclists' conspicuity. Ergonomics, 39(7), 946-965.