1. Gabatarwa & Bayyani
Wannan takarda ta gabatar da tsarin sadarwa ta haske (VLC) mai kawo sauyi wanda aka tsara musamman don tsarin sufuri mai hikima (ITS) masu mahimmanci na tsaro. Binciken ya magance buƙatar gaggawa don sadarwa mai saurin gudanarwa a cikin hanyoyin sadarwa na motoci, musamman don aikace-aikace kamar birki ta atomatik da tsarin jere na motoci. Tsarin yana amfani da fitilun LED na zirga-zirga da ake da su a matsayin masu watsawa kuma yana aiwatar da tsarin aiki na fassara da watsawa (ADR) don faɗaɗa kewayon sadarwa ta hanyar watsawa daga mota zuwa mota.
Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta ba da rahoton mutuwar sama da miliyan 1.2 a shekara a kan tituna, wanda ke nuna buƙatar tsarin tsaro na ci gaba. Tsarin I2V2V (Infrastructure-to-Vehicle-to-Vehicle) da aka gabatar yana wakiltar ci gaba mai mahimmanci akan tsarin sadarwa na RF na gargajiya, yana ba da fa'idodi na asali dangane da sararin samaniya mara lasisi, babban tsaro, da kuma kariya daga tsangwama na lantarki.
2. Tsarin Tsarin & Hanyoyin Aiki
2.1 Tsarin Tsarin I2V2V VLC
Babban ƙirƙira yana cikin tsarin sadarwa mai matakai uku: Tsarin Kayayyaki (Fitilun LED na zirga-zirga) → Mota ta Farko → Motoci masu Biyo. Wannan hanyar watsawa tana faɗaɗa kewayon sadarwa da kyau fiye da iyakokin gani kai tsaye na VLC, yana ƙirƙirar hanyar sadarwa ta ad-hoc ta motoci ta amfani da haske a matsayin matsakaici.
2.2 Mataki na Aiki na Fassara da Watsawa (ADR)
Sabanin tsarin sauƙaƙe na ƙarfafawa da ci gaba, matakin ADR yana fassara fakiti da aka karɓa da gaske kafin sake ɓoye su da sake watsa su. Wannan hanyar tana rage yaduwar kuskure amma tana haifar da jinkirin sarrafawa. Binciken ya mai da hankali kan inganta wannan musayar don buƙatun saurin gudanarwa.
2.3 Bin Ka'idojin IEEE 802.15.7
Samfurin tsarin yana kiyaye daidaito da ka'idojin IEEE 802.15.7 don sadarwar gani ta mara waya na ɗan gajeren zango, yana tabbatar da haɗin kai tare da tsarin VLC da ake da su kuma yana sauƙaƙe yuwuwar daidaitawa da aiwatarwa.
3. Nazarin Fasaha & Ma'auni na Aiki
3.1 Tsarin Auna Jinkirin Gudanarwa
Jimlar jinkirin tsarin ($L_{total}$) an ayyana shi azaman jimlar jinkirin watsawa ($L_{tx}$), yaduwa ($L_{prop}$), fassarawa ($L_{dec}$), da watsawa ($L_{relay}$): $L_{total} = L_{tx} + L_{prop} + L_{dec} + L_{relay}$. Binciken ya cimma $L_{total}$ ƙasa da millisecond ɗaya a matakin amincewa na 99.9%.
3.2 Nazarin Kuskuren Fakiti (PER)
An kimanta aiki a ƙarƙashin yanayi masu ƙalubale tare da PER har zuwa $5 \times 10^{-3}$. Tsarin ya nuna ƙarfi ta hanyar kiyaye saurin gudanarwa ko da a wannan babban matakin kuskure, wanda yake da mahimmanci ga aikace-aikacen tsaro inda ake iya yarda da ɓarnar fakiti lokaci-lokaci idan an tabbatar da saurin gudanarwa.
3.3 Rarraba Kuskure ta Ƙididdiga
An gudanar da cikakken nazarin ƙididdiga na rarraba kuskure har zuwa nisan mita 50. Binciken ya bayyana yadda kurakurai ke yaduwa ta cikin sarkar ADR da kuma yadda suke shafar amincin tsarin gaba ɗaya.
4. Sakamakon Gwaji & Tabbatarwa
Ma'auni Masu Muhimmanci na Aiki
Jinkirin Gudanarwa: < 1 ms (amincewa 99.9%)
Nisa Mafi Girma: mita 50
Jurewar PER: Har zuwa 5×10⁻³
Ma'auni na Gwaji
Mai Watsawa: Fitilar LED ta al'ada na zirga-zirga
Girman Fakiti: Fakiti gajere (saƙonni na tsaro)
Ka'idoji: Mai bin ka'idojin IEEE 802.15.7
4.1 Saitin Gwaji & Ma'auni
Tabbatarwar ta yi amfani da fitilar LED ta al'ada na zirga-zirga a matsayin mai watsawa da kayan aikin ADR na musamman don tashoshi na motoci. An gudanar da gwaje-gwaje don nisa daga gajere zuwa matsakaici (har zuwa 50m) a ƙarƙashin yanayi daban-daban don kwaikwayi yanayin duniya ta gaske.
4.2 Aiki a Nesa Daban-daban
Tsarin yana kiyaye jinkirin gudanarwa ƙasa da 10 ms ko da a matsakaicin nisan da aka gwada na mita 50. Lalacewar aiki tare da nisa yana bin tsari mai iya hasashe, yana ba da damar tsarawa da aiwatar da tsarin da ya dace.
4.3 Cimma Jinkirin Gudanarwa Ƙasa da Millisecond ɗaya
Sakamako mafi mahimmanci shine cimma jinkirin gudanarwa ƙasa da millisecond ɗaya a matakin amincewa na 99.9%. Wannan ya cika buƙatun ƙaƙƙarfan aikace-aikacen tsaro masu mahimmanci kamar birki na gaggawa ta atomatik, inda lokutan amsawa dole ne su zama ƙanƙanta.
5. Nazari Mai Muhimmanci & Ra'ayi na Masana'antu
Babban Fahimta
Wannan binciken ba kawai wata takarda ta VLC ba ce—har ma yana kai hari ga mafi rauni a cikin tuƙi ta atomatik: jinkirin sadarwa a cikin yanayi masu mahimmanci na tsaro. Yayin da masana'antu suka damu da haɗakar firikwensin da algorithms na AI, Nawaz da sauransu sun gano daidai cewa tushen sadarwa zai iya zama mafi rauni. Hanyarsu ta sake amfani da tsarin zirga-zirga da ake da su (fitilun LED) tana da hazaka, tana ba da yuwuwar hanyar aiwatarwa mai sauri fiye da gina sabon tsarin RF.
Tsarin Hankali
Takardar tana bin ma'ana mai ƙarfi: (1) Mutuwar tituna na buƙatar tsarin amsa ƙasa da 100ms, (2) Maganin RF na yanzu (802.11p) yana fama da daidaito a cikin yanayi mai yawa na birane, (3) VLC tana ba da fa'idodi na asali amma tana da iyakokin kewayon, (4) Tsarin watsawa na I2V2V ɗin su ya magance matsalar kewayon yayin da yake kiyaye saurin gudanarwa. Wannan ba ci gaba ba ne—ƙirƙira ce ta tsarin.
Ƙarfi & Kurakurai
Ƙarfi: Matakin amincewa na 99.9% don jinkirin gudanarwa ƙasa da millisecond ɗaya na musamman ne—wannan shine amincin matakin samarwa. Daidaitawa tare da IEEE 802.15.7 yana nuna hangen nesa na injiniyanci. Yin amfani da nazarin rarraba kuskure ta ƙididdiga maimakon kawai matsakaicin ma'auni yana nuna ingantaccen hanyar gwaji.
Kurakurai: Kewayon mita 50, duk da yake yana da ban sha'awa ga VLC, har yanzu ya yi ƙasa da madadin RF. Takardar ta yi watsi da yanayin yanayi—ruwan sama, hazo, da hasken rana kai tsaye na iya lalata aiki. Haka kuma akwai matsalar "mota ta farko": wa zai watsa idan babu mota a cikin madaidaicin matsayi? Tsarin yana ɗauka cewa akwai motoci a kai a kai, wanda ba a tabbatar da shi ba a cikin yanayi mara zirga-zirga.
Fahimta Mai Aiki
Ya kamata hukumomin birane su gwada wannan fasaha a cikin yanayi da aka sarrafa kamar ramuka da rumfunan ajiye motoci inda RF ke fama. Kamfanonin kera motoci ya kamata su yi la'akari da tsarin sadarwa mai nau'i biyu (RF+VLC)—ta yin amfani da VLC don saƙonni masu mahimmanci na tsaro masu jinkirin gudanarwa da RF don aikace-aikace masu babban bandeji. Ya kamata al'ummar bincike su bincika hanyoyin haɗaɗɗu, watakila haɗa wannan tare da hanyar sadarwa ta millimeter-wave, kama da ra'ayoyin da aka bincika a cikin binciken 5G-V2X daga Qualcomm da Ericsson.
Nazari na Asali (kalmomi 400): Wannan takarda tana wakiltar juyi mai mahimmanci a cikin dabarun sadarwa na motoci. Yayin da yawancin bincike ke bin hanyar RF da ke mamaye 5G-V2X da DSRC, wannan aikin yana ba da hujja mai ƙarfi don madadin gani. Cimma jinkirin gudanarwa ƙasa da millisecond ɗaya a matakin amincewa na 99.9% ba kawai fasaha mai ban sha'awa ba ne—yana iya zama juyin juya hali ga aikace-aikace kamar kaucewa karo na haɗin gwiwa inda kowane microsecond ke ƙidaya.
Duk da haka, dole ne mu sanya wannan a cikin mafi girman yanayin muhalli. Muhawarar IEEE 802.11p/DSRC da C-V2X ta mamaye tattaunawar masana'antu shekaru da yawa, tare da manyan 'yan wasa kamar Ford suna goyon bayan C-V2X da wasu kuma sun fi son DSRC. Wannan hanyar VLC tana ba da hanyar ta uku wacce za ta iya haɗawa maimakon maye gurbin waɗannan fasahohin. Kama da yadda LiDAR da kyamarori ke hidima da manufa daban-daban a cikin fahimtar atomatik, VLC da RF za su iya hidima da buƙatun sadarwa daban-daban.
Mai da hankali kan fakiti gajere na takardar yana da hikima musamman. Kamar yadda aka lura a cikin binciken 3GPP akan NR-V2X (Saki 16), saƙonni na tsaro yawanci ƙanana ne amma suna buƙatar amincin matuƙa da ƙarancin jinkirin gudanarwa. Sanin masu rubutun cewa "PER har zuwa $5 \times 10^{-3}$" ana yarda da shi don wasu aikace-aikacen tsaro yana nuna fahimtar yanayin buƙatun duniya ta gaske—ba kowane saƙo yana buƙatar karɓar cikakke ba, amma kowane saƙo yana buƙatar isar da lokaci.
Idan aka kwatanta da sauran binciken VLC, kamar aikin daga Cibiyar Binciken Li-Fi ta Jami'ar Edinburgh, mai da hankali kan al'amarin watsawa na wannan takarda yana da sabon salo. Yawancin binciken VLC suna mai da hankali kan hanyoyin haɗin kai tsaye. Hanyar multi-hop a nan, duk da cewa ta gabatar da rikitarwa, tana magance ainihin iyakar kewayon da ta addabi VLC don aikace-aikacen motoci. Nazarin ƙididdiga na rarraba kuskure kuma ya ware wannan aikin—takardu da yawa suna ba da rahoton matsakaicin aiki kawai, suna yin watsi da yuwuwar wutsiyar da ta fi dacewa ga tsarin tsaro.
Idan muka duba gaba, haɗa wannan fasahar tare da tsarin ƙididdiga na gefe zai iya zama mai canzawa. Ka yi tunanin fitilun zirga-zirga ba kawai suna watsa sigina ba har ma suna sarrafa bayanan zirga-zirga na gida da rarraba yanke shawara ta gani. Wannan ya yi daidai da manyan yanayin ITS zuwa hanyar hankali da aka rarraba, kamar yadda aka gani a cikin ayyuka kamar shirin 5G-MOBIX na Tarayyar Turai.
6. Cikakkun Bayanai na Fasaha & Tsarin Lissafi
Za a iya ƙirƙira aikin tsarin ta hanyar ma'auni masu mahimmanci da yawa:
Matsakaicin Sigina zuwa Ƙara (SNR): $SNR = \frac{(R P_t H)^2}{N_0 B}$ inda $R$ shine amsa mai gano hoto, $P_t$ shine ƙarfin hasken da aka watsa, $H$ shine ribar tashoshi, $N_0$ shine yawan ƙarar ƙara, kuma $B$ shine faɗin bandeji.
Kuskuren Fakiti: $PER = 1 - (1 - BER)^L$ inda $BER$ shine matakin kuskuren bit kuma $L$ shine tsawon fakiti a cikin bits.
Jinkirin Gudanarwa daga Ƙarshe zuwa Ƙarshe: $L_{total} = \sum_{i=1}^{N} (T_{enc,i} + T_{tx,i} + T_{prop,i} + T_{dec,i})$ don $N$ tsalle-tsalle a cikin sarkar watsawa.
Lokacin sarrafa ADR $T_{dec}$ an inganta shi ta hanyar haɓaka kayan aiki da tsarin sarrafa layi daya don rage gudummawar sa ga jimlar jinkirin gudanarwa.
7. Tsarin Nazari & Misalin Lamari
Yanayi: Sanarwar birki na gaggawa a mahadar hanya.
Tsarin RF na Gargajiya: Mota A ta gano cikas → Ta sarrafa bayanai (5-10 ms) → Ta watsa ta RF (2-5 ms) → Mota B ta karɓa (1-3 ms) → Ta sarrafa (5-10 ms) → Jimla: 13-28 ms
Tsarin VLC da Aka Gabatar: Fitilar zirga-zirga ta gano cikas (ta hanyar firikwensin) → Nan da nan ta watsa ta VLC (0.1 ms) → Mota A ta karɓa & ta fassara (0.3 ms) → Ta watsa zuwa Mota B (0.3 ms) → Mota B ta fassara & ta yi aiki (0.3 ms) → Jimla: < 1 ms
Wannan tsarin yana nuna yadda fa'idar tsarin VLC—ta yin amfani da tsarin kayayyaki a matsayin mai watsawa na farko—ta kauce wa jinkirin sarrafa motoci don sanarwar mahimmanci.
8. Aikace-aikace na Gaba & Hanyoyin Bincike
Aikace-aikace Nan da Nan:
- Tsarin kaucewa karo a mahadar hanya
- Fifita motocin gaggawa da sigina na fifiko
- Jere mai yawa a cikin yanayi da aka sarrafa (ramuka, gadoji)
- Tsarin kewayawa da tsaro na rumfunan ajiye motoci
Hanyoyin Bincike:
- Haɗawa tare da 5G/6G cellular-V2X don tsarin sadarwa na gauraye
- Inganta zaɓin watsawa ta hanyar koyon injina a cikin zirga-zirga mai yawa
- Haɗaɗɗun watsawa ta hanyar amfani da tsararrun LED na RGB
- VLC mai tsaro ta Quantum don sadarwar motoci mai tsaro sosai
- Ƙoƙarin daidaitawa ta hanyar ƙungiyoyin aiki na IEEE da 3GPP
Fasahar za ta iya haɓaka zuwa cikakkiyar hanyoyin sadarwa na motoci ta gani inda motoci ke sadarwa ta Li-Fi yayin da suke tsaye kuma ta hanyar haɗin kai na VLC yayin da suke motsi, ƙirƙirar tsarin sadarwa na gani mara tsaga don birane masu hikima.
9. Nassoshi
- Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya. (2020). Rahoton matsayi na duniya kan tsaron hanya.
- Ka'idojin IEEE 802.15.7-2018. Sadarwar Gani ta Maras Waya ta Gajeren Zango Ta Amfani da Haske Mai Gani.
- Rahoton Fasaha na 3GPP 22.886. Nazarin Haɓaka Tallafin 3GPP don Yanayin V2X.
- Haas, H. da sauransu. (2016). Menene LiFi? Jaridar Fasahar Haske.
- Ƙungiyar Motoci ta 5G. (2019). Aikace-aikacen C-V2X da Bukatun Matakin Sabis.
- Hukumar Tarayyar Turai. (2020). Aikin 5G-MOBIX: 5G don haɗin kai & sarrafa MOBility ta atomatik akan hanyoyin kan iyaka.
- Cibiyar Binciken Li-Fi ta Jami'ar Edinburgh. (2021). Sadarwar Maras Waya ta Gani don 6G.
- Qualcomm. (2022). Ci gaban Fasahar Motoci ta Salula-zuwa-Kowane Abu (C-V2X).