Sabbin Fasahohi don Ganin Motoci da Rana a Cikin Rundunar Ƙasar Brazil

1. Gabatarwa & Bayyani

Wannan maƙala tana tattauna yanayin dokokin Brazil game da ganin motoci da rana, wanda aka fara da bitar Dokar Harkokin Sufuri ta Brazil (CTB) a shekarar 2016. Dokar amfani da fitilun gaba masu ƙarancin haske da rana a kan manyan tituna da ramuka ta yi niyya don haɓaka ganin rundunar motoci. Kafin haka, Ƙudurin CONTRAN na 227 (2007) ne ya gabatar da Fitilun Gudu da Rana (DRL) – na'urar siginar da aka keɓe, ba bisa tilas ba. Daga baya Ƙudurin 667 (2017) ya sanya DRLs wajibi ga sabbin motoci daga shekarar 2021. Wannan takarda tana binciken sabbin fasahohin da masana'antu suka ƙirƙira a tsakanin lokacin don gyara motocin da ba a sanye su da DRLs ba, ta yin amfani da yardar doka ga sabbin fasahohin da aka tabbatar da aikinsu.

2. Ganin Motoci da Rana: Tarihin Kwanan Nan

Tattaunawar kan ganin motoci da rana a Brazil ta samo asali ne tsawon shekaru ashirin, tare da muhimman matakai na dokoki.

2.1. Sauye-sauyen Dokoki (1998-2017)

1998 (Ƙudurin CONTRAN 18): Ya magance damuwa game da motocin da ke haɗuwa da muhalli saboda bambancin launuka. Ya inganta, ta hanyar yaƙe-yaƙen ilimi, amfani da son rai na fitilun gaba masu ƙarancin haske da rana don manufar siginar. Amfani na tilas ya kasance a iyakance ga ramuka.
2007 (Ƙudurin CONTRAN 227): Ya haɗa DRL cikin dokokin Brazil a hukumance, yana bayyana buƙatunsa na fasaha. Saka shi ya kasance na zaɓi, yana daidaita dokar ƙasa da ci gaban fasaha na duniya.
2016 (Bitawar CTB Art. 40): Ya sanya amfani da fitilun gaba masu ƙarancin haske da rana wajibi a kan manyan tituna da ramuka, yana faɗaɗa iyakar ƙudurin 1998 sosai.
2017 (Ƙudurin CONTRAN 667): Ya tilasta haɗa DRLs a cikin sabbin motoci, tare da fara aiwatarwa daga shekarar 2021.

2.2. Bambancin Fasaha: DRL da Fitilun Gaba Masu Ƙarancin Hasken

Takardar ta jaddada bambanci na asali na fasaha da ra'ayi:

Fitilun Gaba Masu Ƙarancin Hasken: Babban aikinsu shine haskaka hanya da samar da gani ga direban. Amfani da su azaman na'urar siginar da rana sakamako ne na biyu.
Fitilun Gudu da Rana (DRL): An ƙera su ne kawai don siginar da sanya motar ta ganuwa ga wasu. Ba a ƙera su don haskaka hanya ba.

Duk da yake duka biyun ana saka su daidai a gaban motar kuma suna haɓaka bambanci ga sauran masu amfani da hanya, ba su daidaita da fasaha ba. A takaice: fitilu suna haskakawa, fitilu (kamar DRLs) suna siginar.

Bayanin Hoto na 1 (An ambata a cikin PDF): Hoto ya bambanta tsarin fitilar gaba mai ƙarancin haske (sama) da tsarin DRL (ƙasa). Tsarin ƙarancin haske ba shi da daidaito, yana jefa haske ƙasa da dama don guje wa makantar abokan hawa yayin da yake haskaka hanya. Tsarin DRL yawanci haske ne na gaba mai ƙarfi daidai gwargwado wanda aka ƙera don mafi girman ganuwa da rana tare da ƙaramin haske mai makantar ido.

3. Babban Fahimta & Ra'ayin Mai Bincike

Babban Fahimta:

Tafiyar dokokin Brazil daga inganta amfani da ƙarancin haske zuwa tilasta DRLs ya bayyana wata muhimmiyar gaskiya ta masana'antu da ake yawan yin watsi da ita: doka sau da yawa tana bin aiki, ba mafi kyawun injiniyanci ba. Dokar ƙarancin haske ta 2016 wata mafita ce mai ƙarfi, ta dakatar da matsalar da ta ba da fifikon samun ganin dukkan rundunar motoci nan take fiye da ingantaccen amfani da makamashi, lalacewar sassa, da ƙayatar ƙira. Ta bi da matsalar siginar da kayan aikin haskakawa.

Tsarin Ma'ana:

Ma'anar tana mayar da martani kuma tana ƙaruwa. Ƙudurin CONTRAN 18 (1998) ya gano matsalar (motocin da aka ɓoye). Ƙudurin 227 (2007) ya yarda da mafita ta injiniyanci ta duniya (DRL) amma ba shi da haƙoran aiwatarwa. Bitawar CTB ta 2016, mai yiwuwa ta motsa ta hanyar ƙididdigar aminci, ta aiwatar da mafi kyawun matakin da za a iya aiwatarwa—kunna tsarin da ke akwai (ƙarancin haske)—duk da rashin isasshen fasaharsa. Ƙudurin 667 (2017) a ƙarshe ya tsara ingantaccen mafita ta fasaha (DRLs) ga sabbin motoci, yana haifar da gaskiyar tsarin biyu a tsawon lokacin canji.

Ƙarfi & Kurakurai:

Ƙarfi: Hanyar matakai (ilimi na son rai → ƙarancin haske na tilas → DRLs na tilas) ya ba da damar daidaitawar jama'a da masana'antu. Ya haifar da taga kasuwa don sabbin fasahohin gyara, kamar yadda takardar ta lura.

Kuskure Mai Muhimmanci: Dogaro na wucin gadi akan ƙarancin haske misali ne na littafin karatu na bashin fasaha a cikin manufofin dokoki. Yana ƙara yawan amfani da makamashi (sabanin yanayin ingantaccen amfani da motoci da hukumomi kamar Hukumar Makamashi ta Duniya suka lura) kuma yana haɓaka lalacewa akan tsadar sassan fitilu (kwan fitila, ballasts). A mafi sauƙi, yana ƙarfafa rashin fahimtar mai amfani game da tsarin hasken motoci.

Fahimta Mai Aiki:

1. Ga Masu Dokoki: Dokokin amincin motoci na gaba dole ne su haɗa da haɗin gwiwa mai zurfi, da wuri tare da hukumomin injiniyanci (kamar SAE International) don guje wa tilasta mafita da ba a yi amfani da su da fasaha ba. Dole ne a bayyana sharuɗɗan faɗuwar rana don matakan wucin gadi (kamar dokar ƙarancin haske bayan 2021).
2. Ga OEMs & Kasuwan Bayan Kasuwa: Kasuwar gyara da aka haskaka a cikin takardar ba ta da ƙima; dama ce ta yin sulhu don bin doka. Haɓaka ingantattun ƙirar DRL masu tsada, masu saukin amfani tare da takaddun shaida na hukuma wani abu ne mai mahimmanci na dabarun ga sashin kasuwan bayan kasuwa da ke hidimar babban rundunar motocin Brazil kafin 2021.
3. Ga Masu Amfani: Yaƙe-yaƙen wayar da kan jama'a yakamata su canza daga "kunna fitilunku" zuwa "fahimci fitilunku". Bambance tsakanin hasken gani da hasken ganuwa ra'ayi ne na asali na aminci, kamar yadda bincike daga hukumomi kamar Cibiyar Binciken Amincin Babbar Hanya (IIHS) suka goyi bayan.

4. Cikakkun Bayanai na Fasaha & Tsarin Lissafi

Ana iya tsara bambancin fasaha na asali ta amfani da ƙirar ingantaccen haske da aiki mai sauƙi.

Ƙarfin Hasken & Manufa:
Bari $I(\theta, \phi)$ ya wakilci ƙarfin haske (a cikin candelas, cd) na hasken motar da ke fuskantar gaba a matsayin aiki na kusurwoyi a tsaye ($\theta$) da kwance ($\phi$).

Ga Fitilar Gaba Mai Ƙarancin Hasken: Aikin $I_{LB}(\theta, \phi)$ an ƙera shi don haɓaka hasken saman hanya ($E$) ga direban, bisa ga ƙuntatawa ga makantar abokan hawa. Manufar ingantawa tana da alaƙa da: $\max \int_{\Omega_{road}} E(I_{LB}) dA$ inda $\Omega_{road}$ shine kusurwar da ke rufe hanyar gaba, tare da yanke kaɗan sama da wani $\theta$ don hana makantar ido.
Ga DRL: Aikin $I_{DRL}(\theta, \phi)$ an ƙera shi don haɓaka ganuwa ($C$) ga sauran masu amfani da hanya a faɗin fagen gani na gaba, sau da yawa tare da babban ƙarfi a cikin ƙaramin kusurwa mai mai da hankali ($\Omega_{signal}$). Manufarsa ita ce: $\max \, C(I_{DRL})$ don $\theta, \phi \in \Omega_{signal}$, inda $C$ ma'auni ne da ya haɗa ƙarfi, rabon bambanci da hasken yanayi, da zafin launi. DRLs sau da yawa suna aiki a ƙarfin tsakanin 400-1200 cd, waɗanda aka inganta don bambanci da rana, yayin da ƙarancin haske yana da rarraba rikitattun da ke kaiwa ga mafi girman ƙarfi a cikin yankuna na musamman don haskakawa.

Amfani da Makamashi: Ƙarancin haske na halogen na yau da kullun na iya cinyewa ~55W a kowane gefe. DRL na zamani na LED yana cinyewa ~10-15W a kowane gefe. Ajiyar makamashi don aiki da rana yana da mahimmanci: $P_{saved} \approx 2 \times (55W - 12.5W) = 85W$. Bayan shekara guda na tuƙi da rana, wannan yana fassara zuwa ceton mai/lantarki mai yawa, yana daidaitawa da ƙa'idodin kimanta rayuwa a cikin ƙirar mota.

5. Sakamakon Gwaji & Bayanin Jadawali

Duk da yake PDF da aka bayar bai haɗa da bayanan gwaji na asali ba, dokokin da aka ambata (kamar ECE R87 da R48 waɗanda ke ƙarfafa ƙudurin CONTRAN) sun dogara ne akan bincike mai yawa na hoto da abubuwan ɗan adam. Manyan sakamakon da aka tabbatar sun haɗa da:

Haɓaka Ganuwa: Nazarin, kamar waɗanda Hukumar Kula da Aminci ta Babbar Hanya ta Ƙasa (NHTSA) ta taƙaita, sun nuna DRLs na iya rage hadurran motoci da rana da kusan kashi 5-10%. Hanyar ita ce ƙara bambanci, musamman a ƙarƙashin yanayin alfijir, magriba, ko yanayi mai girgije.
Rage Makantar Ido: DRLs da aka ƙera da kyau, sabanin babban haske ko ƙarancin fitilu da ba a yi niyya ba da ake amfani da su da rana, suna rage rashin jin daɗi da nakasar makantar ido ga sauran direbobi. Ana samun wannan ta hanyar sarrafa niyya a tsaye da rarraba ƙarfi, kamar yadda aka ƙayyade a cikin aikin $I_{DRL}(\theta, \phi)$.
Ingantaccen Gyara: Kayan DRL na bayan kasuwa, idan sun yi daidai da dokokin ƙarfi da sanyawa, na iya samar da fa'idodin ganuwa daidai da tsarin da aka saka a masana'anta ga tsofaffin motoci, suna haɗa tazarar aminci a lokacin canjin dokoki.

Muhimmin Ƙididdiga na Aminci (Misali)

Dangane da nazarin meta na duniya (misali, Elvik et al., "The Handbook of Road Safety Measures"), aiwatar da DRLs yana da alaƙa da rage matsakaicin ~7% a cikin hadurran motoci da rana. Wannan yana ƙarfafa dalilin Ƙudurin 667 na Brazil.

6. Tsarin Bincike: Misalin Nazarin Shari'a

Yanayi: Nazarin fa'ida da farashi ga mai sarrafa runduna mai raka'a 100 na samfurin mota na 2015 (ba tare da DRLs na masana'anta ba) da ke aiki a Brazil.

Aiwatar da Tsarin (Ba Code ba):

Binciken Bin Doka: Bayan 2016, dole ne motoci su yi amfani da ƙarancin haske akan manyan tituna. Rundunar tana bin doka amma tana amfani da tsarin da bai dace ba.
Kima na Fasaha:
- Matsayin Yanzu (Ƙarancin Hasken): Babban jan makamashi (~110W/mota), ƙara yawan maye gurbin kwan fitila (misali, kowane shekara 1.5 da shekara 2.5), yuwuwar saurin lalacewar baturi/alternator.
- Matsayin da Aka Tsara (Gyara DRL + Kashe Ƙarancin Hasken): Ƙaramin jan makamashi (~25W/mota don DRLs), DRLs na LED masu dogon rai da aka keɓe (misali, sa'o'i 10,000+), ingantaccen aikin siginar.
Binciken Fa'ida da Farashi:
- Farashi: Kayan gyaran DRL + saka: R$ 150 kowace mota (Jimla: R$ 15,000).
- Fa'ida (Kiyasin Shekara):
  - Ceton Man Fetur (An ajiye 85W): ~1.5% ingantaccen ingancin man fetur yayin aiki da rana. Ga rundunar da ke cinye R$ 500,000/shekara a cikin man fetur, ceton ~R$ 7,500.
  - Ceton Kulawa: Rage maye gurbin kwan fitila: ~R$ 2,000/shekara.
  - Fa'idar Aminci: Ana ɗauka ragin kashi 3% a cikin ƙananan hadurran da suka dace (kauce wa lokacin aiki, farashin gyara). Kimanta darajar: ~R$ 10,000/shekara.
- Lokacin Maido da Kuɗi: Jimlar Fa'idar Shekara ~R$ 19,500. Zuba jari na R$ 15,000 an dawo da shi a cikin ~watanni 9.
Ƙarshe: Ga wannan runduna, gyara DRLs ba kawai haɓakar aminci ba ne amma zuba jari ne mai ƙarfi na ingantaccen aiki tare da ɗan gajeren lokacin dawowa.

7. Hangar Aikace-aikace & Hanyoyin Gaba

Haɗawa tare da ADAS da V2X: DRLs na gaba ba za su zama fitilu masu wucewa ba. Za su iya zama abubuwan siginar da ke motsawa a cikin Tsarin Taimakon Direba na Ci-gaba (ADAS). Misali, ƙarfin DRL ko tsari zai iya daidaitawa tare da kunna birki na gaggawa mai cin gashin kansa (AEB) don samar da gargadi mafi bayyananne ga zirga-zirgar da ke biye, ra'ayi da aka bincika a cikin ayyukan bincike na EU kamar "interACT".
Hasken Daidaitawa da Sadarwa: Tare da tsarin LED mai pixelated ko laser matrix, "sa hannu" na DRL na iya zama masu ganowa na musamman ko sadar da matsayin mota (misali, yanayin cin gashin kansa, yanayin cajin baturi don EVs).
Daidaituwa don Ƙananan Sufuri: Ƙa'idar ganuwa tana faɗaɗa zuwa motocin ƙanƙara da kekuna na lantarki. Dokoki na gaba na iya bayyana buƙatun kamar DRL ga waɗannan ƙananan motocin, suna haifar da sabon kasuwa don mafita mai ƙarfi, ingantaccen haske.
Daidaituwar Rundunar Bayan 2021: Yayin da rundunar DRL ta tilas ke girma bayan 2021, ya kamata a sake kimanta buƙatar dokar ƙarancin haske da rana. Dokar nan gaba za ta iya kawar da shi ga motocin da ke da DRL, ta fahimci cikakken yuwuwar ceton makamashi.
Kayan Gyara Masu Hikima: Maganin bayan kasuwa zai samo asali daga kayan haɗin waya masu sauƙi zuwa ƙirar "mai hikima" waɗanda ke haɗawa da motar CAN bus, suna ba da damar kunna/kashe DRL ta atomatik bisa ga kunna, shigar da firikwensin haske, da duhu daidai lokacin da aka kunna fitilu.

8. Nassoshi

Majalisar Harkokin Sufuri ta Ƙasar Brazil (CONTRAN). Ƙuduri Na 18, Fabrairu 1998.
Majalisar Harkokin Sufuri ta Ƙasar Brazil (CONTRAN). Ƙuduri Na 227, Nuwamba 2007.
Hukumar Tattalin Arziki ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta Turai (UNECE). Dokar No. 87 - Tanadin daidaitawa game da amincewa da fitilun gudu da rana don motocin da ke da ƙarfi. 2007.
Majalisar Harkokin Sufuri ta Ƙasar Brazil (CONTRAN). Ƙuduri Na 667, Disamba 2017.
Dokar Harkokin Sufuri ta Brazil (CTB). Dokar No. 9,503, Satumba 1997, wanda Dokar No. 13,281, Mayu 2016 (Art. 40) ta sabunta.
Cibiyar Binciken Amincin Babbar Hanya (IIHS). "Fitilun gudu da rana." Rahoton Matsayi, Vol. 50, No. 6, 2015.
Hukumar Kula da Aminci ta Babbar Hanya ta Ƙasa (NHTSA). "Fitilun Gudu da Rana (DRL) Rahoton Ƙarshe." DOT HS 809 789, Fabrairu 2005.
Elvik, R., et al. The Handbook of Road Safety Measures. Emerald Group Publishing, 2009.
Hukumar Makamashi ta Duniya (IEA). "Tattalin Arzikin Man Fetur a Manyan Kasuwannin Mota: Direbobin Fasaha da Manufofin 2005-2017." 2019.
Ƙungiyar interACT. "Ƙirƙirar haɗin gwiwar motocin da aka sarrafa da kowa da sauran masu amfani da hanya." Deliverable D4.3, 2020.